Continued from: 林奈 - Carl von Linné, Carolus Linnaeus
林奈在欧洲游学领域并不广,南欧都没有去,但涉及的社会已足够他赢得声名。以
后林奈在瑞典本土还有更广泛的游历,并由他的弟子们游遍世界各地。这里一幅地
图是林奈曾经工作过的地方,所有他在欧陆的游历:
小Rudbeckia的拉普兰探行激发林奈到拉普兰,同样,Artedi的英国游历诱引林奈
到英国去:那里精致的收藏,图书,还有杰出的自然学家。一七三六年七月廿一日
林奈乘船去英国,住在一位瑞典牧师的家里。为防街上走丢了他身上揣着一个带地
址的信封。
他第一个拜访的是皇家学会主席Hans Sloane,其时已76岁,有Boerhaave介绍
信。Sloane是个传奇人物,曾跟John Ray学习,又拜倒在Tourneforte门下,在
西印度群岛当过一年多的医生,编写了一本牙买加自然史,前面说林奈被Clifford
一本书交换即是他的。看来他们俩有源渊,但学者相遇,必然论剑一番,英国人天
生可不好客。Sloane一生收藏丰富,死后他的收藏成了大英博馆物的核心,当然
他的植物与昆虫收藏一直留在自然史博物馆内。
Gronovius和Lawson给林奈铺路,早已寄给他两本《自然系统》,一本给他本人,
一本给皇家会。Sloane未必把林奈的体系放在眼里,尤其是读到这一段刺眼的信:
Linnaeus, the bearer of this letter, is particularly worthy of seeing you,
and of being seen by you. He who sees you together will look upon a pair
of men whose equal is hardly to be found in all the world. Boerhaave把
他俩等量齐观,Sloane怎么能受得了?见面的情形有点不欢,也许是语言的问题。
林奈回荷兰后感谢他展示的收藏--虽然有点乱。Sloane于是有点接受林奈的新
体系,并在学会上宣读林奈拉普兰行中关于牛虻追逐驯鹿的一段,前面引过了,赢
得了一片掌声。
第二站林奈访问的是Chelsea药植园,其次园长是Philip Miller,编撰Gardener's
Dictionary。密勒也曾是Ray和Tourneforte的门徒,都说他很固执,外号“农民”。
但林奈与他交遇甚厚,并且是英国收获最丰的一访。林奈有弟子如是记叙他说:
When I went to see Miller, which was the main object of my journey, he
showed me the Chelsea [Physic] Garden and named the plants using the
nomenclature then current - for example, Symphytum consolida major,
flore luteo [Comfrey or great Consound with a yellow flower]. I remained silent,
with the result that he said next day:'This botanist of Clifford's doesn't know
a single plant.' This came to my ears, and when he again began using these
names I said, 'Don't use such names; we have shorter and surer ones.' and
gave him examples. He grew angrey and scowled at me. I wanted to get
some plants from him for Clifford's garden, but when I returned I found he
had gone to London. He came back in the evening and his ill humour had
passed. He promised to give me everything I wanted. He kept his word, and
I left for Oxford having made up a fine parcel for Clifford.
除活样本外,林奈还拿走了不少William Houston在中美州采集的植物标本,并夸
奖英国人是地球上最大方的。有一种植物,Milleria,就是给他的献名:
Milleria quinqueflora L.,Milleria,Compositae(Asteraceae),菊科
以后(1768年)第八版《园丁字典》他采用了林奈的双名命名体系。目前英语世界市
面上最权威有一本书:Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants,
their Classifications, and Uses,新版已一百多了,我以前买才六十块。
Peter Collinson是个Quaker教徒,一个布商,跟新大陆生意跟密,业余爱好植物与
昆虫,他曾从美洲引进大量植物到英国。因为生意忙,与林奈见面不多,但极欣赏林
奈,并竭尽全力推广林奈的《自然系统》。他曾跟在美国的植物学家John Bartram说:
The book is a curious performance for a young man, but his coining of a
new set of names for plants tends but to embrrass and perplex the study
of Botany....Very few like it。
一个忠实的林奈信徒,他们通讯多年,以后林奈亦为他献有花名:
Collinsonia canadensis L.,Collinsonia,风轮菜属,唇形科(Lamiaceae)
与牛津的第伦相遇是个传奇,华山论剑,终以抱首惺惜为终局。第伦(Johann Jakob
Dillenius,1687-1747)是德国人,精苔藓。被William Sherard雇到牛津,Sherard
家有一个花园,Eltham,得由弟伦安排。两人头一回相见,针锋相对,林奈回忆:
When I visited Dillenius, I found James Sherard with him, to whom he said,
'This is the man who has thrown all botany into confusion'. We walked together
round the garden where I saw for the first time Antirrhinum minus. I asked
Dillenius its name. 'What,' he said, 'don't you know what it is?' 'No. but if
I may pick a flower I soon will.' 'Then do so,' he replied. I obeyed and at
once recognized its genus.
第伦对他的《植物种属》很不满意,并在Gronovius寄来的书上标志大量的伪植物属。
两人争起来了,其中一属,Blitum,正好花园有。第伦,象别的植物学家一样判其为
三雄蕊,林奈判定只一雄蕊:
I opened the flower and showed him that it had only one. No doubt it's
an abnormal specimen,' he said. We opened several more, and they were
all the same. We passed on to several other genera, and all tallied with my
description of them. Dillenius was amazed and said, 'I shall not let you
leave.' He kept me a month, and gave me all the live plants that I wanted
for Clifford...
这以后两人如胶似漆,形影不离。可惜牛津的植物多是欧洲种,温室与桔园稀稀,还
是克利福特的桔园最茂盛,当世第一!在此他又结交一位Thomas Shaw,一位林奈
信徒。林奈在牛津呆了一周就回了伦敦。八月底,回到荷兰Hartekamp。
第伦,林奈亦有献名,是一属大树,第伦桃,又叫五亚果,是印度犀牛的美食。
Dillenia indica Linn.,Dilleniaceae,五亚果科
to be continued...
- posted on 12/01/2010
第伦(Johann Jakob Dillenius)后来在信中称道林奈道:A new botanist is arisen
in the North, founder of a new method, based on the stamens and pistils,
whose name is Linnaeus. He has printed Fundamenta botanica, Bibliotheca
Botanica, Systema Naturae, and is now printing in Holland his Characteres,
and his Flora Lapponica. He is a Swede, and has travelled over Lapland.
He has a throught insight and knowledge of Botany, but I am afraid his
method will not hold...
Johann Jakob Dillenius
我顺便提一点植物学史后话,林奈的分类方法并没有完全贯彻,当然植物分类,花程
式还是最重要的指标,此外根、枝、叶、皮还是重要的指标,这综汇了所有前人努力。
尤其是John Ray和Tournaforte,也符合科学自然发展的情形。后来有两个人,我填
充一下:A UNIVERAL METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION
So wrote Michel Adanson in the Préface istorike of his Familes des Plantes
, which published in 1763-64. In Adanson's own description, his natural
method of classification must 'have no exception', and be 'independent of
our will, but model itself on the nature of beings, which is the set of their
parts and of their qualities.' Through his work and writings, Adanson
demonstrated that botany is not merely a science of names, it is a science
of facts. His most significant contribution to botany was the establishment
of modern plant families as discrete and universal groups.
Adanson后来有猴面包树(Adansonia L.)一属,林奈的献名!
NATURAL METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION
Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu in 1773 proposed that the morphological features
of plants should be compared in order to organize them into groups based
on the natural relationships between the specimens, thus forming families
similar to 'natural' families already accepted by the botanical community(such
as umbellifers which include carrots, waterhemlock and fennel). In addition,
he noted that each individual character doesnot have an equal weight when
used for comparing. Flower color can vary even in the same species, unlike
seed structure, which is constant in a genus.
自然林奈的二名法存留住了!这里我还要补充一下,至今植物的科(family)且没有属
(Genus)稳定,当然到目与纲层次就更是了。植物分类最后合同应与元素周期表相似,
原子量,质子数,这样不得不使用DNA,内部的结构。林奈的Genera Plantarum,
Pulteney有这样的描述:
our author found it necessary either to change or abolish more than half
the number of the generic names which had been established by preceding
authors, and the prodigious quantity of non-descript[i.e. not previously
described] plants which had fallen into his hands, obliged him to frame new
genera to the amount of more than double the number of those that were
left as he found them. He tells us that he had examined the characters
of 8,000 flowers before the publication of the first edition.
以后第伦写信给林奈,让他还得核查更多的物种,这也成了他一生的工作,Species
Plantarum(1753)。第伦如是预言,林奈迟早要推翻自己的分类系统。
秋子问到林奈那画上一大堆家伙,当时我只回了拉普兰那巫鼓,这回读仔细了。我把
那画再贴一回,具体还是原文引用为棒,好些字汉语没有对译:
这幅画是一七三七年作的,林奈坐或站,穿着拉普兰装束,画者Martin Hoffman。铜
版制作家Dunkarton将之印入Thornton的Temple of Flora,推广所及。这幅画,我
在Uppsala林奈旧居看见,也许是拷贝,说荷兰还有两幅,我书上说共有三幅留世,
导游说有四幅。关于这幅图当初的情节,Stoever写道:
In rememberance of LINNAEUS, his portrait, after life, and in a Laplander's
dress, is still preserved there in Clifford's house. From the original, drawn at
CLIFFORD's, several copies were executed. In these portraits LINNAEUS had
the most grotesque appearance. It represented him with boots of reindeer-
skin, about his body a girdle, from which was suspended a Laplander's drum
a needle to make nets, a straw snuffbox, a cartridgebox and a knife; his neck
was bare; his head was covered with a grey round hat; his hair was of a stiff
brown colous; over his hands he wore Laplander's gloves; and in his right
hand he held a plant, red from within and white from without [Linnaea borealis].
This portrait did not bear the least resemblance to LINNAEUS in his age and
maturity of manhood, except the piercing hazel eye, and the wart on the
right cheek.
Dr. Robert John Thornton's Temple of Flora
林奈回到荷兰后,专心于他的著述外,特别写了克利福特的谐谑园、花园。这后一本著
作显然是工作所需,质量高。植物学家将之当作林奈1753年Species Plantarum前最
重要的著作,当然有Ehret的画,Jan Wandelaar制版,是三人集成的劳动。这回从英
国带回的样本,有美洲的,更充实了他的Critica,Genera与Classes。
1737年夏,Boerhaave给他一个苏里南(荷属圭亚那)的医生职位,他因为一样惧热之
由推却,却找了个顶替Johann Bartsch。以后Bartsch遇到很多麻烦,林奈过意不去,
对替身好友也有献名:
Bartsia alpina L, Bartsia, 玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)
to be continued...
- posted on 12/02/2010
林奈在荷兰期间,因为出版以及植物新分类体系(戏称Sexual System),与欧洲诸
域多有通讯,前面提到牛津的第伦,他身在荷兰,与德法植物界,以至于彼得堡自
然学人们多有通读。当然专家们都是反对,好一些的如第伦虽不满意,倒也示鼓励,
业余一些的自然学家举手欢庆。不要低估这些业余的,不是大享,就是贵族权能以
至于王室等等。那时自然科学研究很有点当初奥林匹克运动的业余精神,或说贵族
精神。每个世纪都会有新思潮,无论文艺复兴宗教革命拿破仑还是二十世纪初尼采
达尔文马克思,都有脱或自在,或一种新自由。欧美六十年代性解放(源于性学人
类学,列维-斯特劳斯说:乱伦好,只要在家庭范筹内!),药物泛滥,都是一种
自由。而林奈的性征分类体系触及生物学本质,自然有此魅力。当然外界自有外界
的目的,即使是达尔文,或恩格斯《国家与私有制的起源》惹出来的女权主义都不
例外。
前面几贴太具体,太专业,太时代了,估计枯燥无味。我还是引几节达尔文的爷爷
Erasmus为林奈Sexual System写的具象诗。Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather
of Charles, in his long versification of the Linnaean system, The Loves
of Plants(1789) reduced Linnaeus's concept to charming absurdity:
Colchicum 秋水仙
Three blushing maids the intrepid nymph attend
And six gay youths, enamour'd train! defend while
With charms despotic fair Chondrilla reigns
O'er the soft hearts of five graternal swains.
Turmeric(Curcuma) 姜黄,郁金
Woo'd with long care, Curcuma cold and shy
Meets her fond husband with averted eye:
Four beardless youths the obdurate beauty more
With soft attentions of Platonic love.
对林奈性系统攻击得最烈的是彼得堡的Siegesbeck,还有Charles Alston,Alston
还在荷兰Boerhaave手下学习过。wrote to Linnaeus on 11/15/1737, Johann
Amman, professor of botany at St Petersbug:
Siegesbeck, a strange man, is printing a critical dissertation in which your
writing are harshly criticized....The work is very short, but in my opinion its
brevity is counterbalanced by its spite and arrogance....
Johann Siegesbeck疯狂地攻击林奈:'lewd' 系统 'with its loathsome harlotry',
which the Creator would never have tolerated in the vegetable kingdom.
'Who,' 他质问:'would have thought that bluebells, lilies and onions could be
up to such immorality?' How could 'so licentious a method' be taught to
the young without offence?
最后一句,其实以后歌德也表示过担心。林奈惧怕争吵,但也给了Siegesbeck一个
献名,有人说讽刺,倒未必!
Siegesbeckia pubescens,稀莶,Asteraceae(菊科)
生活优裕,也许更空虚,青春的烦恼乘虚而入。这是一段他与荷兰Scientific club交
往的生活记录。林奈写自传都用第三人称,自己的名字很常提。林奈一生写过四本自
传,这些自传,大凡跟现在说简历很相似,林奈有观察锐眼,有记录的习惯:
Sometimes we examined minerals, sometimes flowers and plants, insects
or fishes. We made such progress that by [Linnaeus's] Tables [his Systema
Naturae] we can now refer any fish, plant or mineral to its genus, and
thus to its species, though none of us had seen it before. I think these
Tables so eminently useful that everyone ought to have them hanging up
in his study, like maps. Boerhaave values this work highly and it is his daily
recreation.
因为过度工作的疲累,独在异乡,此后林奈有了去意,回国去!这回再怎么挽留也不
住了,再好的花园,再丰厚的报酬,再理想的职位都是别人的,去意已定。荷兰的气
候,瑞典人不适应。回国前他还想绕道一下法兰西,拜访他少年就心仪的Tournefort
和Vaillant的足迹。。。
Sébastien Vaillant
这时家乡有传闻,林奈的好友B - ,已乘虚展开了对Sara求爱,说他乐不思蜀了。林
奈赶紧打包行李,归心似箭,可惜,一场大病……
When hardly convalescent [he told Giseke] I rashly accepted an invitaion
from some Englishmen to eat oysters with them. I allowed myself to be
persuaded; I ate one and then drank a large glass of wine. Next day I had
a terrible attack of cholera [typhoid?]. Boerhaave prescribed laudanum,
which I would never have dared to take had not my life been in danger.
Over a period of twenty-four hours I took several drachms, and was cured;
but I was so weak that I had to take daily a drop of oil of essence of
cinnamon bark to sustain me.
'Linnaeus returns from abroad' - is a sentimental view of Linnaeu's home
-coming to his fiancée, Sara Lisa, from Through the Fields with Linnaeus,
by Florence Caddy, 1887
我先行把一幅林奈归乡的英国浪漫风版画贴一下,也有点归心似简。Boerhaave年底
逝去。林奈法国一行很短暂,巴黎,老一辈闻人已去。有Jussieu三兄弟,Antoine,
Bernard & Joself承继,皇家植物园,参观了Tournefort标本。Versailles, Saint-
Germain, Fontainebleau, Jussieu兄弟承包一切费用。
拜访了两位皇家画师:Claude Aubriet, Mademoiselle Madeleine Basseporte
(女弟子)。被科学院长杜飞(Du Fay)招见,参加一回科学活动。当杜飞许他科学会员
,但要求他加入法国籍,他只答应成为通讯会员,不入籍的。
to be continued...
- posted on 12/02/2010
林奈回国第一站是回家探望老父,这回不是浪子了,荣载而归:老人听他讲异国故事,
展示出版的书籍,炫耀他一次次欧洲征服他人的过程,从德国到荷兰,到英国法国。在
家呆两周后他奔赴法伦,Sara在那里遥首期盼着……
林奈的自传中写首:到法伦后直奔我最亲爱的家,四年了,她遥首等待着她心爱的奥
德修斯归来。对林奈说,重返世俗生活也需要一段时间适应。他同Sara的爱情也非偶
然,Sara父亲是法伦矿山医生。对于那时学医的人来说,如果不是在大学中继续深造,
能任职当时瑞典最重要的出口工业--法伦矿山--可谓是学医的人能得到最好的待
遇。Sara的未婚夫也是前途不可限量的医生,一位将来会出人头地的人物。按照当时
的传统,林奈本该早几年返回完婚。他们在1739结婚,婚后的生活据说也没有太多当
年的浪漫情调。Sara是位富有的太太,林奈谨慎地保持自我。不过,我们不要臆想那
已经属于历史的爱情浪漫了,别以为伟人不会在爱情上深谋熟虑,也别以为他们的夫人
都是唯唯诺诺的农家女。
Carl and Sara Lisa Linnaeus
植物学家不能当饭吃,他还得到斯德哥尔摩开业医生。Celebrated and respected
abroad, he was now a stranger in his native land, and the sport of obloquy and
derision. The winter of 1738 nipt the laurels he had gathered in Holland.
他的植物学顿时成了人们的笑料。后来他跟德国的Haller写信说:No one cared how
many sleepless nights and weary hours I had passed, as all declared with
one voice that Siegesbeck had annihilated me.
开初的症所无人问津,一只狗都没有。病人怎会信得过一个新手医生?他有点后悔回
国了,这时候德国的Haller有一封信,如果不是迟到的话,他也许奔德国哥廷根大学
去。机会来于咖啡酒馆里流行的性病……林奈走出症所找病人,在一家咖啡或客栈他
遇到一位淋病患者,His own doctor had failed to cure him in a year, but I cured
him in a fort night. Then several young men approached me complaining of
chest trouble which, they said, prevented them from drinking at table; I
gave them some medicine, and soon they were drinking like heroes. There
friends were amazed...
林奈治性病的手艺是在法国学的,他与Montpellier的教授Sauvages有联系。教授详
细告诉他法子,要使用带水银的膏,水银,西方称Mercury,这性病治理形象话为:
A night with Venus, a lifetime with Mercury.
几个月后症所就门庭若市了:the greater part of the young men in his care,
and by these means his reputation began to increase in the smallpox and
agues then prevailing; so that as early as the month of March had had
acquired a considerable practice. 他在给Åbo主教Carl Mennander的信中说:
From seven in the morning until eight at night I hardly have a moment to
snatch even a hasty meal. This fills my purse but so eats up my time that
I cannot find a peaceful hour for myself or my dearest friends....For the
last two months I have had far too much to do - forty to sixty patients
almost every day.
在Haller的信中他戏称:Aesclapius gives everything; Flora but Siegesbeck.
以后他引起了上层的注意。参议员的妻子找他看病,病治得好,信传到了王后Ulrika
Eleonora,王后也找林奈治病,整个宫廷都知道这位林奈了。Carl Tessin伯爵请他
当军医,林奈怕晕船,也不喜欢军队。Tessin保证他不离开半步Terra firma。
在斯德哥尔摩,林奈还有一桩巧遇,许是因Tessin,更是因Triewald。那时他们正
在筹建科学院。皇家Uppsala学院前面早提过了,也资助过林奈拉普兰行。Uppsala
是瑞典皇家根源,也是主教区,自然立基深。但斯德哥尔摩至今尚无科学院。近水楼
台,林奈也参予了筹备:Academy of Science, investigating of Mathematics,
Natural History, Economics, Trade, Useful Arts and Manufactures.
两年后获得皇家特许状,正是林奈在京。学会主席抽签决定,任期六个月,第一个抽
到的还真是林奈。林奈成了瑞典皇家学院的第一任主席,发起人之一。Over the years
Royal Academy of Science has played a very important role in the development
of science in Sweden; it is the Swedish counterpart of the Royal Society
of London.
瑞典皇家学会颁发诸项诺贝尔奖,那是一百六十年以后的事了。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences
to be continued...
- posted on 12/04/2010
接下来可以捎一点点私货了。斯德哥尔摩,我是从拉普兰回来才转悠的。虽然城市
一开始的印象就好,地处湖海交界,由众多大小不一的岛屿组成。有人称北方威尼
斯,现在也是国际大都市了,博物馆很多,但开门晚,关门早,也许是秋冬。虽然
有交通连票一日可参观六十家,对于我这样的人来说一点不省钱。个人喜欢主题专
一,很喜欢特别展,所以即使一个博物馆的一部分往往一天都看不到头,中午还得
美餐一顿。在国家博物馆看到拿破仑特别展,惊心夺目!相比之下亚历山大或卡尔
约翰(原拿破仑法国元帅,后成死敌;因为要回去当国王,拿破仑也放人,只说不
要敌对。卡*约说不一定,战争中够讲君子风度!其时丹麦靠拿破仑站一边,瑞典
要崛起,势必与邻国走向敌对,以至于加入反法联盟)。后来参观皇宫,十二点看
卫兵换岗,想起了《卡门》最先的一幕换岗礼。在皇宫的高墙上,我看到林奈的塑
像,林奈的身影在瑞典无所不在,虽然边上就是诺贝尔博物馆,多家教堂雄壮,但
里面空空荡荡,有人拿吉他唱赞美歌,稀疏的人群来来去,不少是游客。前面说过
了伯格曼的电影,但我在Uppsala,还有Kiruna,发现教堂还是人众济济,最惊喜
的是唱拉丁风弥撒。我读小册子,发现瑞典的新教跟英国很相似,冠以瑞典国教之
名,具体仪式还是有天主教的影。
Carl von Linné
Skeppsholms-Kyrkan, Ora et Labora, window
前面说皇宫换卫队,瑞典不象不少北约国家,有自己的军队。卫队是从各处调来的
军人,人人有份。瑞典拿破仑后近两百年保持中立,两次大战都避免了,安心发战
争财。加入北约也很晚,社民党有争议,幸好有自己的军队!
Djurgården
第二天赶早去了所谓欧洲的花园,Djurgården,岛上有不少花园,有Vasa博物馆,
就是新概念英语第四册上提到的那一艘未开出军港就倾斜沉没的军船,现在打捞起
来了,筑成博物馆。因为太早也进不去,我也无意进去,看看船的规模就是了。有
一家Nordic博物馆,还真想看看也因为时间不巧,未遂。边上Biologiska Museet,
古色古香的木式建筑,面色带黑,说是根据先前教堂的木式建筑模式,我在拉普兰
参观Kiruna教堂,也有这式样。但这颜色确实独特。边上就是Skanson的门,这瑞
典民俗村,比中国的得早一百年。
Biologiska Museet
前方到Skanson正面,一个餐馆前的亭子间供着一棵红艳的树,近看是漆树,Stag-
horn Sumac,这树北美不稀奇,但在这里可以供起来,物以稀为贵:
边上是一位执鲁特琴音乐师的雕象,名字Bellman,再向前走,森林入口处还有一座
他的塑像,Carl Michael Bellman。一位深受瑞典民众喜欢的诗人与作曲家。
Epistle No. 39
Storm and wave their tumult cease.
See, the heav'nly galaxies,
Fainter, even dimmer
Is their golden glimmer
As the morning
Softly dawning
Of the sun's wan ray gives warning.
Asp and maple sighing,
Stream and marsh replying,
Woodcock buzzes,
Peasant passes
Round his filly's neck her harness.
Now in our stove
When it is lit,
Grasses and twigs
Crackle and spit,
Soon out porridge will be boiling.
Now with tousled brow
Cottager, I trow,
Seeks to light his pipe,
And out in the field
Leaning on a stone,
Dalesman lifts anew his spade.
Carl Michael Bellman
很朴素的劳动人民的歌曲,难怪共运领袖卡尔*李卜克内西喜欢。其实就连当朝国王
古斯塔夫三世(就是威尔弟歌剧《假面舞会》中那位舞会被刺的国王)对他也很欣赏,
并提供金融资助。可是他还是喜欢底层,音乐,诗歌真可谓上通下达。据说瑞典还有
许多以他化名杜撰的幽默,外号称“贝尔曼的笑话”。
紧走一段森林小径,其实是马径,来到Rosendal王宫花园:Rosendal Palace was
built in the 1820s for King Karl XIV Johan, the first Bernadotte. Rosendal
was originally a summertime pleasure retreat. It has never been a residence
in the modern sense of the word. It was merely intended as an escape
from the formalities of court life at the Royal Palace. The gardens are a
center for biodynamic cultivation offering courses and lectures on the
same topic.
秋菊盛放:大丽,勋章,万寿菊,秋英……再沿森林小径朝前,没撞见王宫,倒是拐
了很大一段路,来到一片短松林,到了军事学校。北岸走成了南岸,也好,Walder-
marsudde就在附近,那王储画家Eugene的画室博物馆,是岛上风景最佳之角,展品
也不错。
to be continued...
- posted on 12/05/2010
提一点林奈时代的瑞典与欧洲政治背景,前面已提到皇后Ulrika Eleonora。林奈诞
生时正处于大北方混战,瑞典一时呈雄(那时卡尔十二如日中天,1700击败俄丹德
波等联军),进攻莫斯科,也因此有了小卡尔的名。两年后卡尔十二在Poltava大败,
以后是苦苦熬战,直到丧命,帝国疆域任人瓜分,王室任人指定:
During Linnaeus's boyhood Kar Xii had involved his country in the long,
follish and costly Great Northern War. By 1715 Sweden was in open conflict
with England, Hanover, Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Denmark, and in the
last stages of exhaustion. Three years later Karl was killed in battle and
the time had come to pay the bill for his reckless twenty years of fighting -
a bill wich left Sweden a second-rate power and the country disastrously
impoverished. There being no direct heir to the throne, the choice of a
successor lay between the late King's only surviving sister, Ulrika Eleonora,
and his nephew the young Ducke of Holstein. Ulrika, who was married to
Prince Friedrich of Hesse, had the stronger claim and was offered the
throne; but Karl's misuse of absolute rule had taught the country a sharp
lesson, and before she was 'elected' as Queen, the Riksdag(parliament)
obliged her to forswear any real say in the government of the country and
to disclaim any hereditary rights with regard to the succession. In 1720
the Queen, who still tried to meddle in the country's affairs, was prevailed
upon to abdicate in favour of her husband, who ruled, with powers wtill
further shorn, as King Fredrik I until his death in 1751. He was little more
than a puppet: the Era of Liberty had been born.
大北方战争或北方大战(1700年 - 1721年),沙俄为了夺取波罗的海的出海口及
与瑞典争霸的战争。战争的结果是俄国从此称霸波罗的海,而瑞典则从此衰退,由
欧洲列强的名单上消失。
在三十年战争和第二次北方战争之后,瑞典获得了波罗的海的霸权。然而,这却引
起了周边国家的妒忌和提防。同时间,俄国在彼得大帝的改革后变得强大起来,但
仍欠缺一个可以与西方国家联系的出海口,因此对瑞典控制的波罗的海虎视眈眈,
两国之间的冲突越益加剧,战事一触即发。1699年彼得大帝藉着波罗的海沿岸各国
与瑞典发生冲突,与萨克森、丹麦结成了「北方同盟」,开始着手发动对瑞典的战
争。
1700年8月,俄国正式对瑞典宣战,彼得大帝亲率3.5万俄军进逼瑞典的纳尔瓦要塞
,但在此之前,瑞典国王卡尔十二世在里加和荷尔斯泰因分别击溃了萨克森和丹麦的
军队。因为没有了后援,彼得大帝在纳尔瓦战役被卡尔十二世大败,库尔兰也被卡尔
十二世攻占。卡尔十二世亲率主力攻进波兰,很快便攻占华沙、克拉科夫等城镇,并
逼使波兰国王奥古斯特二世退位,另立斯坦尼斯瓦夫*列辛斯基为波兰国王。但就在
此时,彼得大帝乘瑞典军队逗留在波兰,无暇东顾,再度建立强大的陆军,并且组建
了新的海军。随即出兵攻占波罗的海沿岸的诺特堡、尼恩尚茨、扬堡、科波里耶和纳
尔瓦等众多要塞,并营建新的都城圣彼得堡,圣彼得堡位于波罗的海出海口,是战略
要地,俄国从此获得了通往西方的海上通道。
Narva (1700)
1704年俄国再与波兰签署《纳尔瓦条约》,以利夫兰、埃斯特兰两地割给波兰为条件
,诱使波兰出兵参战。卡尔十二世注意到俄国的举动,决定抢先进攻俄国,以防俄国
坐大。他首先制服波兰,以防其与俄国左右夹击瑞典,再与哥萨克的领袖马日帕缔结
同盟,在准备妥当后,他于1708年1月亲率瑞典军从波兰进逼俄国。卡尔十二世所率
领的瑞典军虽然在数量上占优,但由于俄军采取坚壁清野的策略,而且瑞典军因长途
行军以呈现疲态,因此只得待在乌克兰等待援军,但彼得大帝却亲自统率俄军的精锐
部队拦截瑞典援军。1709年,瑞典军无法再待在乌克兰,惟有进攻波尔塔瓦,以求出
路,却被彼得大帝亲率俄军驰援所阻。该年7月6日,两军进行大决战,瑞典军被击败
,俄军不放过瑞典残兵,全面追击,结果瑞典军全军覆没,是为波尔塔瓦会战。从此
瑞典不再有能力与俄国争霸。丹麦、萨克森再度与俄国缔结同盟。1710年俄军攻占里
加、雷瓦尔、凯克斯霍尔姆、维堡、厄塞尔岛及波兰,瑞典军无法抵抗,节节败退。
Poltava(1709)
Hanko(1714)
卡尔十二世战败后逃至鄂图曼土耳其,并说服了苏丹艾哈迈德三世向俄国进攻,第三
次俄土战争爆发。俄军被逼暂停进攻瑞典,但与土耳其作战的俄军仍因兵力薄弱被土
军包围。1713年,彼得大帝逼于无奈,对鄂图曼土耳其作出妥协,与其签订《普鲁
特和约》,并随即进攻芬兰,侵占赫尔辛基及图尔库。此时卡尔十二世则在比萨拉比
亚与班达与俄军作殊死对抗,但鄂图曼土耳其因已与俄国议和,所以逼使他离开。
1714年,俄国的波罗的海舰队在甘古特会战大败瑞典舰队,逼使瑞典军撤出芬兰,
卡尔十二世无法再抵抗,只得向俄国求和。
Death of Karl XII(1718)
1718年卡尔十二世于进攻挪威时阵亡,该年俄瑞两国亦开始进行和谈,但却谈不拢,
结果战争于1719年重启。俄国波罗的海舰队在厄塞尔海战和克琅加姆岛海战再度大败
瑞典舰队。1720年俄军攻进瑞典,瑞典兵败如山倒,只得与俄国进行不平等的和谈。
1721年,两国签订《尼斯塔德条约》,瑞典丧失大片土地,在三十年战争后所得的
优势尽失,而俄国则取得了波罗的海的出海口,并从此称霸波罗的海,成为欧洲列强
之一。
言归正传。婚后一年,1741年1月20日,林奈生了一个儿子,也取名卡尔。
I remain, my dearest wife,
your faithful husband
Carl Linnaeus
Greetings to my lttle Carl.
to be continued...
- posted on 12/05/2010
林奈在斯德哥尔摩呆了三年。四零年五月。Uppsala小吕倍克逝世,教授职位却为对头
Rosen接替。林奈出门游行与游学都与对方不快有关系。现在只有一个机会是Roberg的,
幸好不久上面强令Roberg退下,林奈多方周旋,才弄到这个职位。林奈在给法国好友
Jussieu的信中说:
By God's grace I am now released from the wretched drudgery of a medical
practitioner in Stockholm. I have obtained the position I have coveted for
so long: the King has appointed me professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala
University and so given me back to totany from which I have been sundered
all these years while I was spending my time tending the sick in Stockholm.
If life and health are granted to me, you will, I hope, see me accomplish
something in botany.
从信中说他还是使用了上方宝剑。我读另一本德国人写的传记中说,他还挑动群众运动:
The students present broke into noisy support of Linnaeus. Some climbed onto
chairs, stamped, shouted, and strewed the floor with fragments of the torn
thesis. The incident was the subject of parliamentary discussion and censure in
Stockholm. finally influential persons took up Linnaeus's cause, and after the
king signed the certificate of appointment on May 5, 1741, all criticism ceased.
一个人,尤其是平常出身的,要作点成就何不容易。林奈身上还有一点,就是象后世
达尔文一样的计划安排,一生奉献,按孔子说,是立志。我看立志是很难靠得住的,
这么些年生活经历,使我感觉到世事万变,人真是说不定的,哪里有好人坏人,有时
候你说好人,好字还没脱口就成了坏人。有人说谁谁先发现什么,又有谁谁先提出。
这有什么稀奇呢?猴人相类,生物进化,老农也一样能看出说出些什么,关健是说出
来要做,贯以一生坚持。象林奈,或达尔文那样,就是Vaillant先提出植物性征,华
莱士先发现自然选择,又有什么呢?牛顿的成就还多是别人的,他完成了,虽然他压
制虎克,英国皇家学会主席,也还是他能。当然虎克也了不起,发明了显微镜,以后
荷兰布商列文虎克应用,用显微镜研究微生物也是虎克开的先。
Hooke's drawing of a flea
大周末的,谁也没多少情绪读林奈。我还得写,毕竟开了个头,也是多年的心愿,人
总得要奉献一些什么,如果讲收获。林奈在拿Tenure之前,瑞典议会决定让他作一
次境内自然勘探,是继拉普兰,德拉那后又一次瑞典行旅。说到国家自然勘探,我就
想到中国早先的丁文江,他是在苏格兰学的地质,早先回国还是作了不少勘探,可惜
后来英年早逝。丁文江在政治上也很有观点,搞《独立评论》,赞苏共抑中,他的政
见很有点老Theophrastus的架式:Theophrastus与逍遥学派另一哲学家狄开阿尔
科斯(Dikaiarchos) 合编过《最佳国家秩序》草案。照他们看来,当时最好的政体
是由君主政体、贵族政体、民主政体三种因素混合成的“混合共和国”。
http://www.mayacafe.com/forum/topic1sp.php3?tkey=1224618983
Linnaeus's explorations of Sweden
这次旅行几个岛屿Öland &Gotland,指定两个,有可能三个(West Gotland)。除
了一般勘探,外加上对高岭土,还有染料植物的关注。前者要开发陶瓷业,后来染织
。当时瑞典跟中国关系尚好,后来瑞典皇家学会每年还资助人到中国学习,这方面具
体内容我也没有研究。
林奈以后还有多次境内行,我只能找到一并地图,更好。林奈每次旅行都后记成书,
此行也不虚。他自谦书写得过简明,不太适合流行开。这倒不一定,他的游记为后世
自然人类学游记建立了模式。我不想把他整个行简单转述,还是敲他几日的记录,幸
好我才从植物园借到一本此行的书:
May 15, 1741, Stockholm
But the air was somewhat chill. Spring, which should not be measured by
the calendar but by the climate and the temperature, had so far arrived
that the maples had opened their flowers, but not yet their leaves. The
birches were in fresh leaf and flowering splendidly; the alders' stipules had
just burst, and on the tips of their branches the firs had small red buds
like wild strawberries, which are their still upripe male flowers; the lime,
oak and aspen were still wrapped in their winter sleep....The cuckoo had
begun to call, and today we saw the first swallow.
Öländska och gothländska Resa, 1745
June, 12, 1741, Öland
The crop grown here is mostly rye; there is little barley since the sandy soil
is too hard when there is a drought.
Wild swine are most common in the northern district and do the farmers much
harm, since they dig up the ground, like a plough, and trample donw the crops;
they walk about and beat the crops together like sheaves, so that they can
fill their mouths with ears of corn at each bite. Sometimes they mate with the
domesticated swine, which produce wilder offspring.
Campanula hispida etc., which is very rare in the rest of Sweden, was common
in the meadows here; the stem was fairly tall, without branches, unevenly
pentagonal and bestrewn with transparent reflexed bristles; the leaves had wavy
margins.
Asperula rubia cyanchica dicta [bedstraw] grew abundantly in the meadows;
it had red bushy roots, which should be tried for dyeing, since the plant is closely
related to Galium album [northern bedstraw].
We did not see any particularly interesting insects today; only the aphis( Aphis
cirsii), dark, with six rows of elevated spots along the back; the wing buds, the
feet and the true horns black; the thighs white towards the base.
There was a garden at the vicarage here. When we asked why gardens were
so rare on Öland, the answer was that deer enter the gardens the winter, when
the snow cover is higher than the walls, and eat the trees, which are also
damaged by the hares.
We stayed at Persnäs during the night.
Rune stones and bucket, Orlunda Churchyard, Östergötland, Sweden
July, 11, 1741, Gotland
This day was used mainly for our mending, since our clothes were torn by bushes,
rocks and much riding.
Anthyllis [kidney vetch] varied delightfully here in several colours - white, cream,
yellow, red and pink. together with this grew Ononis [rest harrow].
wild carrot grew here as big and tall as dill. The root was white and smelled like
ordinary carrot. The stalk was thinner and grooved.
Cerambyx cinereus etc. [Leiopus nebulosus] was a little iron-grey beetle with
black spots, denser at the wing base; it had a black band across the middle of
the elytra.
The Phalaena pectinicornis elinguis [wood tiger; Parasemia plantaginis] is a
beautiful but uncommon moth, with thin antennae and black wings with pale
yellow veins, but the underwings are red with black spots.
Habbdum church is situated one and a half miles from Burgsvik. We arrived there
at 9 pm. Although it was getting dark, we could read some runic stones in the
churchyard, one of them with deeply cut letters. We had planned to stay here
during the night, but a malignant fever had afflicted some people at the farm;
thus we went on.
Darkness came upon us, so that we saw nothing except that the cats caught
cockchafers and ate them. At mid-night we arrived at Fardhem.
R. Hooke's Microscope
to be continued...
- posted on 12/05/2010
一七四一年十月二十七日,林奈在Uppsala大学正式开课,讲授一个国家自然勘探的
重要性(except translation by Benjamin Stilligfleet):
Good God! How many, ignorant of their own country, run eagerly into foreign
regions, to search out and admire whatever curiosities are to be found;
many of which are much inferior to those, which offer themselves to our
eyes at home. I have yet beheld no foreign land, that abounds more with
natural curiosities of all kinds, than our own. None which presents so many,
so great, so wonderfull works of nature; whether we consider the magazines
of snow heaped up for so many ages upon our Alps, and amongst these
vast tracks of snow green meadows, and delicious vallies here and there
peeping forth, or the lofty heads of mountains, the craggy precipices of
rocks, or the sun lying concealed from our eyes for so many months, and
thence a thick Cimmerian darkness spread over our hemisphere, or else at
another season darting his rays continually along the horizon. The like to
all which in kind, and degree, neither Holland, or France, nor Britain, nor
Germany, or lastly any country in Europe can shew; yet thither our youth,
greedy of novelty, flock in troops...
他自承是个快乐的人,拿到了教授,Sara,小Carl,共一屋檐下。有一件事让他烦心
就是还要教解剖及医学课,Nils Rosen教自然史诸分支包括植物学。这好办,两个人
交换。林奈一家搬进吕倍克的旧宅子,林奈也曾在此家教过。当时的大学植物园,现
是Uppsala林奈旧居花园博物馆。花园荒芜已久,林奈要重整!他写信给荷兰英法植
物界的朋友要奇花异草,并添温室,桔园,七年以后,花园里植物种类达到三千:
Linnéträdgården
Linnémuseet, Linnaeus House
Linné, Linden(Tilia cordata L.) from the Garden
http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/LTeng.html
林奈也收集动物,特别喜欢猴子与鹦鹉。有一只猴子是王后的赠送,因为在宫中举止
出轨,偷臣子鞋上的银扣。鹦鹉用餐时就立在他肩上,如果林奈用餐迟了,鹦鹉会叫
:十二点了,卡尔!有时拜访者敲门后听见欢迎声,进去后找不到人,原来是鹦鹉作
的鬼。
林奈是个人见人爱的教授,学生喜欢他的热情与直接了当,当然不限于自然史,以至
任何新的课题。他往往讲营养学,怎样育婴。他说孩子要少吃多顿,不同意把小孩子裹
得紧紧。冬天才出生的小孩不应冷水洗礼,发怒中母亲乳汁有毒,不应哺乳。烟有毒,
咖啡让空者更虚,究之烟好于咖啡。褐色奶牛的乳汁最好,,,不时有些迷信。
Nothing is more precious than life, nothing is more desirable than health,
nothing more distressing than sickness, nothing more awful or more terrifying
than death.
One can survive for two weeks without food when one is ill, but not when
one is well....God gives men beards for ornaments, not women.
星期六,林奈带一大指学生下乡。有时人数多达一百五十人。他们穿着轻便,舒适的
亚麻装,带着捕蝶蛾的网罩,压植物标本的木械。跟以往他在Lund大学时Stabaeus
一行相似,但如今他领头,规模大得不可思议。国际学生不少,但好有拉丁语。他指
定人笔记,管纪,有人专射鸟(以前观鸟者不用望远镜,只用枪射击,梭罗反对过!)
当珍稀物种发现,号角吹响。大家聚集一块听林奈解释标本。午餐,桌子设出二十多
张,获得珍迹发现的学生可以享受与林奈共餐。一日将近,大队人马挥舞旗帜,吹号
角,击鼓回城。林奈领队,当到达植物园,欢呼声起:科学万岁!林奈万岁!当然这
些狂闹会遭到周边教授们反感。
林奈家的规模也在增大,1743年小Carl两岁,又添个个妹妹,Lisa。第二年又生个女
孩子,不幸夭折。1749年Louisa,1751年Sara。1754年一子亦夭折(1757)。现代
医学以前,孩子死亡率相当高。林奈最小的女儿Sophia生于1757年,生下来是个死
胎,多亏他人工呼吸才救活。以后Sophia是他最爱,也帮助他论文。当然Sophia长
得也可人。
Sophia by N. S. Höök
Last Tuedsay evening my wife bore me a daughter. She had a very difficult
delivery and the girl was stillborn or died at birth, but nevertheless we
blew air into her....After quarter of an hour she began to breath a little...
Now she seems fairly well; but my wife is very weak, God help her!
尽管林奈教授营养学与育子,且安生立命,但也不够一位好爸爸。当然他儿子就没好
好教育,成了个花花公子,女儿的教育更让他反对。他强令小Carl步他后尘,岂不知
自己就没有接受父位--当一位牧师。小卡尔对父母恨多于爱,及成年还曹到母亲拳
加。而女儿不许接受任何公共教育,尤反对她们学法语。林奈要求女儿长大成好的家
庭主妇,不是花瓶。有一回林奈出门Sara给她们注册课程,林奈一回来就捣毁掉了。
Sara对孩子过苛刻时林奈有时也与孩子们结成一体,比如有一回护着Sophia砸破一批
茶具,林奈说是因为太丑旧了,他让Sophia给砸掉的。
Flora Svecica《瑞典植物志》(1745), Fauna Svecica《瑞典动物志》(1746)
, Flora Zeylonica《锡兰植物志》(与Burmann合作1747), Philosophia Botanica
《植物哲学》(1751), etc. Uppsala大学期间,他发达了一生中最重要的一批著作
:《植物种》Species Plantarum(1753),植物学家普遍接受他的二名法。《自然
体系》第十版(2300多页)后,动物学家始使用他的二名法。林奈是第一位把鲸鱼当哺
乳动物,把猩猩与人并类。第十版《自然系统》中他不再用"四足类"(Quadrupedia)
而改称"哺乳类"(Mammalia)。
to be continued...
- posted on 12/07/2010
我在Uppsala就住在林奈旧居博物馆边上的林奈第一栈(First Hotel Linné),餐馆直
通林奈花园。第二天一早自助餐,便窜到林奈花园中,阳光明媚。自助餐丰盛无比
,许多住客也是来开国际会议,多是女性。欧洲的女性独立能力强,个个都象女政
治家似的,谈起女权来令人仰目,谈起八卦来也让人扫兴。她们多能讲许多门语言,
嘴巴总关不住似的,当然,打扮得都很得体。
晚餐只用了一只大苹果,两餐并作一顿补,喝个各种果汁,各类甜点与土特产,啊,
我有一个上好的胃。林奈花园转悠个足够,留意到不少中国植株,有一种红白双色
菜豆开的花让人欣慰。眼皮上还挂着沉重的时差,就出发了,城中有博物馆,教堂,
最有名的Uppsala大学。教堂演出弥撒音乐会,教堂的宝贝馆倒有不少古瑞典王家珍
藏,拿着手电与参观手册仔细看,第六层看到四层,权杖、剑、Orb,皇冠,教袍。
这里丝绸的衣饰还是最珍贵!欧洲人什么时候学会养蚕?估计都是中国出口,那时
欧洲人以为银子都流到中国去。
Uppsala Cathedral
大教堂对面是一家大学博物馆,可惜未准点开(10am),上前到大学植物园。路上有
人拍电影,把路拦封住了,有点纽约似的,可恶!大学园宽阔无比,我走在一条椴
树大道,点起一根烟,Lucky strike,可惜我买了淡味型。路上有些高大的梣(ash)
树,叶已金典,仿佛头一回认识到其高大,高耸入天际,叶如针麻。中国有对应白蜡
树(Fraxinus spp.),欧洲白蜡?北欧传说中的圣树(Yggdrasil)!
The ash Yggdrasil is of all trees best;
Skíthblathnir, the best of boats;
the holy Æsir, Odin; of horses, Sleipnir;
of bridges, Bifrost; of skalds, Bragi;
of hawks, Hábrok; of hounds all, Garm. - Poetical Edda
植物园大得无比,在宽敞的Uppsala平野上,地广人稀的北欧大地一切都宽大。记
得第一次去阿拉斯加吃Pancakes,那块头,就象Fairbank植物园的蔬菜一样庞大。
植物园的桔园已因季节而关门了,林奈的遗迹不多。本来林奈生前也不是这一块地!
植物园分两大片,中间一条街,早早就开门了,随行免费。我在植物园主馆的边上,
遇到一棵椴树托起的林奈,象基不象想象中那么大:
风还是有些冷,园多的花卉大多已谢,却有上等的红叶,最艳丽的是墙上爬了半壁
的藤状叶,有一种还是忍冬科,果子也是红的。
过街到另一片斜方形的植物园,先担心门未开,把门钩带上即是了。这里离大学楼
群较近,不留意就走到大学楼。大学楼也有博物展,草坪边上排着结满黄山楂的小
树,我说山楂是因为蔷薇科,树上带刺。馆中展出的化石,浸制的标本很多。北欧
人有一种爱好,就是收藏各种雄性动物的生殖器,连根挖得很深。上回在冰岛就领
教过,冷岛一线未提。瓶浸中也有儿童胚胎,记得林奈的皇后有一个死婴也制成标
本了。
馆中的主题还是进化论,迎和达尔文两百年?多是给小孩玩闹的。在最里间我看到
一室矿石,林奈也分类过矿石,估计不畅通。科学发展日新月异,化学何等变化,
凭外型是分类不出太多明堂的。林奈还尝试过给病分类,给水分类,他曾说:没有
系统分类,他简直什么都弄不清。这也许是一种性格吧,有时我觉得心有戚戚……
抽时间回来看林奈旧居博物馆,心诚则灵,正好当天两点有一次英语导游。这在国际
旅行中很难遇的,上回在墨西哥Oaxaca就没遇上。在礼品店买了几本书,一件林奈
T-shirt,几张北极花的小贺卡,也是等导游。后来发现还是先进旧居博物馆观赏为
妙,因为后来不让录像,多亏上上下下先巡游了一趟。旧居内好书不少,价格都特
贵。导游来了,胖胖的一位东亚女孩,因为她老题Thunberg,直觉她是日本女孩,
Thunberg是林奈大弟子,伪装荷兰人到日本去采集植物,据说藏坐牛车,吃了不少
猪饲料,以后再细理。此居原为老吕倍克的,继小吕倍克后林奈在此住了35年,上
面已给了照片,只是旧居门口还有一座林奈牵狗并端详鉴定植物的立像。林奈爱狗,
与达尔文一样,林奈终生上教堂,达尔文就显得孤郁。林奈生病的时候,他的狗代
他上教堂,坐在他固定的座前,终了而去,当然导游就喜欢扯这样的事。旧居两层,
屋子都不大,据说他讲课的时候,楼梯道上都站着学生,有人甚在窗外临听,他戏
剧性的嗓门,声音虽不大,只要有心都听得清。不要低估林奈这些弟子,来自世界
各地,多亏了有拉丁。
在橱具间我留意到他向中国订制的一套北极花的茶具,订制过程很长,第一次除了
运输破损以外,北极花都画错了,也许没提供上好的图。中国也没有北极花,第二
次精心制作,成了瑞典陶瓷的样版。以后此版式风格极其有名,象达尔文亲家Wedg
-wood的英国陶瓷。林奈为探寻高岭土可花了不少心思,育茶,据说有女弟子怀抱
茶苗远道送给他培育,也没能象Boerhaave的香蕉那样出现奇迹。林奈一直想在瑞
典找茶树的替代品。
林奈血浓,故而精力充沛,烟与咖啡,中年后偏头痛,关节痛风。说野草莓很管用,
除了冬季难寻,一般他吃许多来治痛。林奈单卧室,一张梵高式的小床,与我想象
中一样,据说欧洲人迷信怕腰痛,床上都要垫许多枕头。这里是卧室的陈列:
边上桌子上是他封爵的徽章,自己设计的。林奈的爵位只传二代,小卡尔在他逝去
五年后随终,爵位就断了。林奈四个女儿的画像,前面提过名,婚嫁都能自主。关
于林奈与他妻子的关系,有些人碎言碎语,我以为他的妻子了不起,林奈象达尔文
一样,妻家是金库,管家又能干,颇有教养。外间有一张桌子,据说小卡尔用过,
是不是林奈遗物还说不定,墙纸都是后来依风格而画的。有一立式书架,是伦敦林
奈会还回。
此屋子林奈一家住后,转Uppsala音乐系用,也没出什么音乐家。上世纪三十年代,
有人在地板夹间发现林奈拉普兰笔记,确定他游记中有不少杜撰。笔记本拉普兰一
段贴过了,仔细看卧室陈列中那鼓,鼓后面是软底靴,还有拉普兰笔记本,很小很
小的。
to be continued... - posted on 12/07/2010
下面我想理一下林奈与当朝皇家的关系。卡尔十二逝后,瑞典领土遭瓜分,王室受干
预,以至于彻底大换血。前面提到找林奈看病的女王Ulrika,后联合执政,有点英国
光荣革命,但:The death in November 1741 of Queen Ulrika Eleonora had
reopened the question of the succession. The Empress Elisabeth of Russia,
daughter of Peter the Great, favoured her cousin, Duke Adolf Fredrik of
Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, and offered the return of a large
part of finland to Sweden if he were chosen; the douceur was irresistible,
and in 1743 this ‘altogether insignificant’ young man was declared heir
apparent with hereditary right to the throne for his male issue. The following
year he married the far from insignificant Lovisa Ulrika, sister of Frederick
the Great of Prussia.
Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden
一对加冕的王储都是自然史爱好、收集者,这是十八世纪的风气。当然林奈受宠有加。
1744年春天王太子亲临Uppsala大学,林奈更是大学宝贝:‘one of the luminaries
of the Academy’, 其后被公主招见。
Louisa Ulrika, Queen of Sweden, Antoine Pesne, c.1744
Linnaeus was asked to classify Queen Lovisa Ulrika's collection of shells and
insects, which she kept at the palace of Drottningholm.
1751年Fredrik I逝世,Adolf Fredrik登基,不久卷入七年战争(1756-63)。1753
Linnaeus was created a Knight of the Polar Star, and in 1761(ante-dated
1757) he was ennobled, taking the name of von Linné by which he is still
gererally known in Continental Europe. 1758, he bought the small country
estates of Hammarby.
这回在Uppsala,Hammarby没有走成,源于周末关门。深秋季游人稀稀,其实就是
在Uppsala的Viking博物馆,半天也只我一人参观,通往的巴士也只坐我一人。这里
才感愧社会主义的好了。林奈的模样个性,这里有他自己的描述。自然学家对自己也
客观得可以,此源于T.D. Fries 1903为林奈作的传记,版本会有差异:
Linnaeus was of medium height or rather under, more lean than fat, whith
fairly muscular limbs and prominent veins from childhood. His head was big,
and at the back of it was a transverse depression along the lambdoid suture.
His forehead was fairly high, and wrinkled in old age. His hair was neither straight
nor curly, flaxen as a child, then brown and reddish about the temples, and
finally grep in old age. His face was pallid and his eyebrows brown. So were
his eyes, which were very sharp, lively and twinkling; his sight was excellent
for even the tiniest object. [Henry Roscoe, in his Life of William roscoe,
mentions that Linnaeus never used a glass, even in his minutest enquiries.]
His nose was straight; he had a mole on the right nostril and a rather larger
one on the right cheek. His teeth were bad; he had suffered from acute
toothache from his earliest years until he was fifty, and by the time he was
sixty he had lost them all. He had no ear for music. His wight was 12 stone
10 lb. His gait was very easy and brisk.
He was no lover of luxury, living moderately and not drinking to excess. He
left the running of his house entirely to his wife, and concerned himself with
the works of Nature. He was neigher rich nor poor, but he had a dread of
getting into debt. He wrote his books for honour, not for gain. In winter he
slept from 9 p.m. till 7 a.m., in summer from 10 p.m. till 3 a.m.
当然林奈弟子中对他有许多第一手的陈述,多了,往往杂说纷芸,无所摘是。林奈
有许多植学物家的弟子,但极其出名的一位Johnn Christian Fabricius,倒是一位
昆虫学弟子,丹麦人。他对林奈的回忆很直接,我提前把他说一下:
It was four years after publication of the 10th edition of his System Naturae
that Linnaeus met the young Johann C. Fabricius - and inspired him to take
up the challenge of insect diversity.
Fabricius went on to become one of Linnaeus’s greatest protégé, and the
most important and prolific systematic entomologist of the 18th century.
In a series of major works, notably Systema Entomologiae(1775), Genera
Insectorum(1776), Philosophia entomologica(1778), Species Insectorum(1782),
Mantissa Insectorum(1787) and Entomologia Systematica(1792-94, 1798),
he laid the foundations for the future of entomology...
引一段Fabricius陈述的林奈:Linnaeus's ambition was boundless, and his motto,
Faman extendere factis was the true mirror of his soul. But this ambition
never went beyond his science; it never degenerated into offensive conceit.
He did not much mind what people in general thought of him; he was sensitive
only to the criticism of scholars. His way of life was modest and thrifty, his
dress simple and at times even shabby. The high rank to which his King had
raised him pleased him only because he saw in it the recognition of his
scientific achievements...
提到林奈的学生,他称之为“门徒”(Apostles),不由让我想起他的师承,最后一瞬
间在荷兰接过病中Boerhaave自然学火炬的一段心曲:Linnaeus ‘was the only one
allowed to enter, to kiss the hand of his great teacher with a sorrowful
“Faewell!”…Boerhaave said: ”I have lived out my time and my years, have
also accomplished what I was allowed, was able, to do . god preserve you,
before whom all this still lies ahead. What the world demanded of me it has
received; but from you it demands much more. Farewell, my dear Linneaus!”'
林奈人到中年,身居要置,依旧在国中自然勘探行,1746年West Gothland行,
1749年Skåne....以后还要细理。门徒们在他的教导下走遍了世界。记得在Uppsala
大学博物馆里看到过一幅深色一些的林奈门徒行程图:
图中列的Apostles名称有:C. F. Adler, A. Afzelius, A. Berlin, J. P. Falck, P.
Forsskål, F. Hasselquist, P. Kalm, P. Osbeck, P. Löfling, D. Rolander, A.
Rolandsson Martin, G. Rothman, D. Solander, A. Sparrman , C. P. Thunberg,
O. Torén and C. Tärnström...
这里多列的是植物行,林奈门徒很广泛,比孔子广泛得多。有一种花名大丽,就是
源于林奈一位弟子Anders Dahl,一般书中都不会提及。在国外,亲近过林奈的植
物学家到哪里都是高手啦。
to be continued....
- posted on 12/08/2010
提到林奈的门徒(林奈1750首称Apostles),让我有读圣经新约使徒行传的快感。我
是跳过林奈两次国中旅行而先行谈之,也是无意贴了一幅使徒行的地图。原谅我摄象
机拽照片的不清晰,但也足够惊心,这里再贴一张细一些的:
http://www.ikfoundation.org/linnaeus/apostles-world-map.html
读林奈传记,第一遍留下印象的就是这一章。写林奈线也一直盼望写到这里。无奈有
多少前言碎语要说,好在已经说得差不多,可以起始了。这一贴已是三十五贴,看来
可以写出四十八贴,写一贴不容易,得有好心情,好精力,有时写多了身体吃不肖,
都会留后遗症的啦。前天一边写了三贴,写林奈痛风吃野草莓,不觉得自己也膝盖酸
痛,写林奈偏头痛,昨天就痛了一日右眼睛。昨晚把旧贴读了一遍,错字重贴有一些
,改日再修补吧。今天好天气,又是林奈门徒行。
林奈是一位具有现代精神的教授,工程设计师和管理家,他在社会上有着各种优秀的
关系网,能调动他的学生们热情,让他们投身各种宏大的工程,也明细如何为他的工
程争取到慷慨的投资。瑞典当时的国王和王后,以及当年瑞典最大对外留易公司--
瑞典东印度公司都是他的赞助人。尤其在林奈门徒圈子里,他的魅力令这些崇拜宗师
的年轻人无畏地为他踏上遥远的探险旅行,有些人成为科学和他们的宗师的献身者。
林奈门徒的旅行通向世界向角落:跟随东印度公司他们到过中国、印度,沿途他们
访问了西班牙、南非。旅行漫长,尤其是两弟子Anders Sparrman和Carl Peter
Thunberg。在旅途中进行了许多重要的研究。在到达中国后,他们的行动自由也受
到限制。Pehr Osbeck在进行植物考察的时候,就被向他扔石头的中国男孩们赶回
船上来。Thunberg跟随荷兰东印度公司商船来到日本,但他遭到同样的艰险。凭着
他的聪明与耐心,征服了困难,并且成为对日本植物学研究的先驱(中含有许多日本
从古中国的引进种,以后冠以日本之名)。为了深入亚洲腹地,林奈本来打算派Pehr
Kalm沿着俄罗斯从陆路进入中国,但这个工程最终还是作罢。后来他派Johan Peter
Falck完成了东方旅行,法克的研究成果反映了他对人文学的兴趣,在探险回国的路
上不幸病魔缠身的他在鞑靼斯坦的喀山自杀了(一般探险家身上都带有药物,象老罗
斯福亚马逊漂游携吗啡,以防万一)。而幸运的Pehr Kalm的足迹则一直抵达北美洲,
在那里他还见到了富兰克林,到达尼亚加拉大瀑布,并成为第一个对那里进行科学考
察的人。
另一个弟子Anton Rolandsson Martin抵达了北冰洋,旅行让他冻坏了一双腿并且
一生都落下了残疾。 Daniel Rolander(此有别于跟随库克船长的Daniel Solander,
后叙)抵达了南美洲(荷属圭亚那--苏里南),由于那些经历使他在返回家乡时已精
神失常。林奈最钟爱的弟子Pehr Löfling患上了疟疾而病故在委内瑞拉,他曾在那里
进行了许多成功的考察活动。弟子Fredrik Hasselquist在林奈和Uppsala神学院的支
持下前往圣地耶路撒冷,不幸在土耳其的商港士麦那去世。经过一番周折Hasselquist
的收藏品被瑞典皇后Lovisa Ulrika收购。林奈最出众的一位弟子,带着政治反叛精神
的Peter Forsskål参加了一个由丹麦人组成的阿拉伯探险队,结果整个探险队成员,
除了队长之外全部死于疟疾。
从这些探些活动得到的结果,人们可能会觉得林奈弟子的奉献所获回报实在太局限。
艰辛的旅程带回来的无非是一些对植物、动物的描绘,对当地人生活的记述和对伟大
自然的赞叹。林奈将一些弟子的旅行游记整理发表后,游记被人们争相阅读、转译,
尽管大多数游记都是以描述物种为主,而且描述也很浮浅,难以做进一点的研究,但
幸好有标本,有林奈之锐眼与集大成。应该说,林奈门徒门的旅行更重要的是其象征
意义,他们代表着科学的探险和献身精神,他们也标志着从今以后,科学家在人类探
险陆地和海洋的活动中将占有一席之地。这之后再现林奈精神的Anders Sparrman
和Daniel Solander与库克船长一起环游地球,半个世纪过后,英国皇家海军HMS -
Beagle号考察船上多了一位年轻的学者,达尔文。
Apostle Daniel Solander (far left) with Joseph Banks (left, sitting) accompanied
James Cook (center) on his journey to Australia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus
以前提到的康达明赤道测绘与亚马逊漂游,洪堡的赤道行,与此一脉相承。林奈成为
十八世纪科学家们的启蒙者,他的影响不仅在瑞典,而且在整个西方世界。将物种归
纳分类这样的活动看上去有点生硬,诗人说荒唐,但在那个时代它们显然起着非常重
要的启蒙作用。自然史的发展步伐终于赶上了十七世纪科学革命为物理学带来的超前
进步,而且这一发展是建立在严谨的理智精神和崇尚系统的基础上的。在十八世纪林
奈的时代,所谓“系统的精神”即全面捕捉现实的欲望是时代特色。众多书本、杂志讲解
这些内容,甚至有专门为妇女读者写的大众读物都一样。就连卢梭这样忧愁善感的业
余植物学家都受到林奈的启发,写有《有关植物学》的著作,还在瑞士湖区发誓编写
植物志。歌德,一生植物学研究,且坦承生者中对他影响最大的就是林奈。
此贴宏观上草草将林奈门徒行旅与启蒙时代精神综汇一下,后面展开细谈。关于林奈
的研究,我以为非常符合英特网集知的特色,我看维基就有一半林奈精神,自然林奈
有关的一些内容都很切实。整个动植矿物界都很实在,象佛经、圣经以及古罗马资料
的集成,达尔文都是一流的。有人戒网,我看大不必。
to be continued...
- posted on 12/08/2010
His own admittedly stop-gap 'sexual system', although repugnant to the best
botanists of the time like Amman and Haller, enabled specimens to be allocated
quickly to groups and provided with names, instead of going unsorted and
unnamed into cupboards. The Linnaean method of botanical recording thus
made botanical exploreation worth wile, for this became a means of contributing
on a large scale to the world's knowledge. Therein lies the clue to the zeal
for travel that animated so many of Linnaeus's students, which he called
'Apostles'....
当代植物拉丁的权威William T. Stearn是一位林奈迷,林奈也研究很周细。还有前面提
到的Anna Pavord(author of Naming of Names),有不少英国人写的书会浪漫一些,
美国人写的就有点自私自利了。终究起来,还是现在英国人写得书好一些。
我写林奈,参考书乱七八糟,但以一本英国的Blunt, Wilfrid,一本德国的Heinz Goerke,
一本瑞典的Gunnar Broberg为经纬。德国人写得纲要一些,更全面。英国人写得具体,
有点琐碎。瑞典人呢,目前也有点中国人写书的架式。不比林奈时代,但是第一手资料,
常识。当然林奈的资料植物园图书馆很多,游记与google上的书还有一些,比如Florence
Caddy的Through the fields with Linnæus。现在还没到终篇的时候,谁知道以后还
要读到些什么,暂列如此。
大师在家里焦急地等待各地门徒的消息,归返或转寄的动植物标本、矿物,以至礼品甚
至人类学样本。林奈的门徒中,如上述,有五位途中不幸:Anders Berlin(1746-73),
Pehr Forsskål(1736-68), Fredrik Hasselqvist(1722-52), Pehr Löfling(1729-56),
Christopher Tärnström(1703-46)。其中包括两位最优秀的弟子,Tärnström的妻子
报怨林奈让她落寡,孩子受孤。大师经常为经常自责,不该送有家室的人探险。为植物
送命?北欧充满冒险精神的青年弟子多多,为科学献身!
这里先把要谈到的十七位门徒的名字尝试汉语简称对应一下:
EUROPE, THE ARCTIC & ASIA
Anton Rolandsson Martin (1729-1785) - 马丁
Johan Peter Falck (1732-1774) - 法克
EUROPE, NORTH & SOUTH AMERICA
Pehr Kalm (1716-1779) - 卡尔姆
Pehr Löfling (1729-1756) - 勒夫林
Daniel Rolander (1725-1793) - 罗兰德尔
EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST, NORTH EAST & WEST AFRICA
Göran Rothman(1739-1778) - 罗斯曼
Fredrik Hasselquist (1722-1752) - 哈塞奎斯特
Peter Forsskål (1732-1763) - 福尔斯科
Andreas Berlin (1746-1773) - 柏林
Adam Afzelius (1750-1837) - 阿弗瑟柳斯
SOUTHERN AFRICA, OCEANIA, ANTARCTICA & SOUTH AMERICA
Anders Sparrman (1748-1820) - 斯巴曼
EUROPE, SOUTHERN AFRICA, EAST-, SOUTHERN- & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828) - 腾伯格
EUROPE, SOUTHERN AFRICA, OCEANIA, SOUTH AMERICA, EAST-, SOUTHERN- & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Pehr Osbeck (1723-1805) - 奥斯贝克
Olof Torén (1718-1753) - 托伦
Carl Fredrik Adler (1720-1761) - 阿德尔
Christopher Tärnström (1711-1746) - 坦斯特勒姆
Daniel Solander (1733-1782) - 索兰德尔
第一位出行的门徒是坦斯特勒姆,他其实比林奈还大几岁,跟林奈一起在乌普萨拉附
近多次植物行。一位牧师,有妻有家小,他乞求林奈准他以传教士的名义到中国去。
前面提到国瑞典皇家学院1746年后一年选派一人来往中国行。他免费乘东印度公司
的商船到了交趾支那,正是1746年,现在是越南。最后他为热病倒下了。林奈只好为
他家小申请金融抚恤,并且以一种热带花卉为他献名:
Ternstroemia gymnanthera, 茶科,Theaceae
中文名字不好听,叫“厚皮香”。His diary, Resejournaler 1745 - 1746 - is part
of a collection in Uppsala University Library in Sweden - was published
posthumously by IK Foundation & Company in The Mundus Linnæi Series
- No: 1. Christopher Tärnströms Journal. En resa mellan Europa och Sydostasien
år 1746 (A Passage between Europe and East Asia in the year 1746),
by Kristina Söderpalm (Editor Lars Hansen). 2005
DIED 1746, Pulo-Condore.
坦斯特勒姆身后没留下画像。林奈如是感慨:Tärnström's death has greatly upset
me. No one in this country can be compared with Tärnström, except Kalm.
to be continued...
- posted on 12/08/2010
前面说林奈准备派卡尔姆(Pehr Kalm)到中国去,为了深入亚洲腹地,沿着俄罗斯从陆
路进入中国,但这个工程最终还是作罢。后由法克(Johan Peter Falck)替代,并由此
献生。幸运的Pehr Kalm的足迹则一直抵达北美洲,,,
Kalm travelled to North America in 1748 where he made numerous natural
and cultural historical observations. His work included a description of the now
extinct passenger pigeon.
1748年,卡尔姆的足迹踏向北美大陆,寻找能适应瑞典气候的植物。十八世纪虽讲启
蒙主义,但一样为了国家的经济利益,这一点忘提了。林奈让他采回红桑Morus rubra,
尝试在瑞典开拓养蚕业。旅行的费用由乌普萨拉与Åbo大学共同承担,(Åbo现属芬兰,
隔一海湾相对,林奈拉普兰回程中路经)并有工业发展基金。
海路一程风暴他到了英国,在那里驻留了一长段时间,最终携伴到达美国费城,已是
秋天了。德拉华原是瑞典人移民地,他感到乡亲。以后两年半他忙于穿梭宾州、新泽
西和纽约州以及南部加拿大。从加拿大返回瑞典,收集了大量的种子和植物标本。林奈
,一直为痛风困扰,焦急地等待着:'as impatiently as a bride awaits one in the
morning' for a sight of these treasures; so excited was he that he quite forget
his aches and pains and rose from his sickbed to welcome his pupil.
一行收集的正是林奈急需。他在《克利福物的花园》中只描述过170种北美植物,有
些还是英国收集的。这回1753年Species Plantarum中他收集了700种,其中至少有
90种是卡尔姆采集。林奈对卡尔姆感激不尽,并以北美山野上最美的杜鹃科的花卉Kalmia
给他献名。Kalmia北美有Mountain Laurel,Sheep Laurel,是我杜鹃科的最爱之一。
这花冠的形状,还真象一盏盏小小的冠冕,东北美山野上最常见的灌木丛,常绿,以
水滨开的最艳丽。往往花谢落水中,意有不尽的诗意:
Kalmia latifolia L.
Before this, he had already made trips in 1742 through Västergötland and
Bohuslän, and two years later through Russia and the Ukraine, received
the stipend through the efforts of his teacher.
Kalm began publishing his experiences and discoveries in 1753. En Resa til
Norra Amerika; Vol I 1753, Vol II 1756 and Vol III 1761.
http://www.archive.org/details/enresatilnorraam02kalm
A picture commonly believed to portray Pehr Kalm, although some modern-day
historians have claimed it might well portray Kalm's colleague Pehr Gadd.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Kalm
哈塞奎斯特Fredrik Hasselqvist(1722-1752)又是献生的一位,他身后的传奇前已
叙。林奈说他聪明,性格好。可是身体不太行且穷困有余。林奈讲课中提到Levant,
Palestine激发他前行。大师阻挡不住,原因是钱不足,且他有肺病际象,精力不够。
钱,林奈总算集到,刚刚够用,免费的船(Levant Company)一行到土尔其的Izmir
,古称士麦那。1749年8月7号从斯德哥尔摩出发。哈塞奎斯特在Izmir过了一冬,发
向埃及,直到钱花完了。林奈和小摄尔修斯急向参议会要钱,并掏自己的腰包。哈塞
奎斯特终于到达Palestine, Syria, Cyprus, Rhodes & Chios,再回士麦那已是自然
三界收集丰满。但病得不轻: on 9 February 1752, at six o'clock in the evening
and to the grief of all who knew him, our beloved Dr Hasselqvist died like
a lamp whose oil is consumed.
哈塞奎斯特一行欠下14,000 copper daler的债,很大一笔,如果不还清的话,他的
收藏也不转交回瑞典。这数目林奈无可奈何,最后还是皇后Louisa Ulrika急中解难。
手稿交还林奈身边:
The day before yesterday I received Hasselqvist's papers from Baron
Ehrencrona....god bless the peerless Queen for letting me see them! but I
had come so near to losing them that when I began to read I couldn't stop
before I had reached the end. I swear I have never yet read anything so
full of fresh, genuine and precise observations as these; they penetrate
me as God's word penetrates a deacon....May God grant that Her Majesty
has them published as soon as possible, so that all the world may taste
the pleasure I had yesterday....So admirable a travel journel had never
before appeared...
林奈为他整理出版了Iter Palestinum(1757),英、法、德、荷译本随之而出。我查
了半天,为什么林奈没为他献植物名,源于债务重,病弱,还是他太长的名?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Hasselquist
DIED 1752, (The English churchyard) Smyrna, Turkey.
to be continued...
- posted on 12/08/2010
奥斯贝克Pehr Osbeck是真正到达中国的一位,1751年奥斯贝克乘船由Gothenburg
驶往远东中国,返回于1752年六月,林奈给将行的门徒如是写道:
On your return we will make crowns with the flowers you bring back, to adorn
the heads of the priests of the temple of Flora and the altars of the goddess.
Your name shall be inscribed on substances as durable and indestructible as
diamonds, and we will dedicate to you some very rare Osbeckia which will be
enrolled in Flora's army. So hoist your sails and row with all your might; but take
heed not to return without the choicest spoils, or we shall invoke Neptune to
hurl you and all your company into the depths of the Taenarum.
Pehr Osbeck
奥斯贝克在中国呆了五个月,回来把收集的一切都交给了林奈,由此赢得了林奈给他
花的献名:Osbeckia,金锦香属,野牡丹科(Melastomataceae):
Osbeckia chinensis(金锦香), drawn by Osbeck
奥斯贝克自画自家花,自然学家大都有一手绘画功夫。此后的居维叶、洪堡、William
Bartram、奥杜邦,此前Maria Sibylla Merian、Mark Catesby等都一样。
前面写的林奈向中国清政府订制的北极花的茶具就是由他载回。可惜一部分已经破损,
又重订制了一批,第二批运来的北极花会偏红一些。林奈Hammarby庄有四幅中国画,
估计也是估计也是他带回来的,也许是Mangus Lagerstöm?Magnus was an ardent
collector who was of immense service to Linnaeus and a generous benefactor
to Uppsala University. It ws certainly Lagerstöm who brought Linnaeus from
China the rhinoceros-horn cup。瑞典人很迷信古中国,这犀牛解杯倒是带给各位
饮主健康长寿,由林奈展转到英国林奈会,再展转到瑞典皇家,给前任国王八十八大
寿(1970)。
Carved rhinoceros horn cup
Osbeck spent four months studying natural history and social history in the
Canton region of China. He returned to Sweden with a number of large
collections following his trip from 1750 to 1752. The collections are now in
England and Sweden. His accounts of his travels were published in three
languages between 1757 - 1771. Dagbok öfwer en ostindisk Resa åren 1750,
1751, 1752, Stockholm 1757.
Dagbok öfwer en Ostindisk Resa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck
1750年驻瑞典西班牙大使依国王的要求请林奈派一位弟子考察西班牙被忽略的植物,
林奈选了二十一岁的Pehr Löfling (1729-1756)。如果说林奈的门徒中,哈塞奎斯特
是圣保罗的话,勒夫林就是圣约翰,彼得是谁,我想应是坦斯特勒姆,或者Thunberg
也说不定。这孩子是林奈最钟爱的弟子,外号the Vulture,眼锐如鹰。林奈1758年
修订他的西班牙旅行记Iter Hispanicum时写道:
He attended lectures everyday - both public and private, kept company
with the brightest of his fellow students, was early and late in the Botanic
Garden, and at our midday meals never failed to ply me with astute questions
on the subject of Flora. He lived with me in the greatest intimacy, for he
had a soul as pure as gold and was without a trace of deceit in word or deed.
There was nothing in the least soft or effeminate about him; he took no
interest in what he ate or what he wore, and it was a matter of complete
indifference to him whether he slept on the hardest boards or in the softest
bed; but to find a little plant or scrap of moss the longest road was not too
long for him....
勒夫林写了一篇De Gemmmis Arborum(论树芽)引起一阵惊动。因为林奈的弟子中,理
论水平暂时多没有开发出来。第二年他协助林奈写作Philosophia Botanica。最近我终于
买到一本拉丁文的旧版,喜之不已。这书的英译版,封面设计很棒,但价位也棒,书里面
没有多少个字,正价二百五十刀。。。林奈刚起草的时候就病倒了,这时幸好有勒夫林在
,林奈病床头口叙,这有点莫扎特晚年时作安魂曲口授洪迈尔的架式。林奈自传中说:
In 1750, when I was beginning my Philosophia botanica, I had such a sharp
attack of gout that I doubted whether I should survive it. But when I began
to recover, I got my dear Löfling to write at my dictation while I lay in bed,
and thus I was able to finish the book. At first this was heavy work for a young
man; but later it became so easy and agreeable to Herr Löfling that he would
not have forgone it on any account. For as I tried in this book to get to the
heart of botanical study, and as Herr Löfling never failed to ask me to explain
what he had not understood, he finally became so well grounded in botany that
I could defy all the false prophets in Flora's realm to turn him into a heretic.
勒夫林因为有西班牙王家支持,费用阔,他的出行是一场瑞西外交的盛礼。1751 年
勒夫林起航到里斯本,随即马德里,在那里呆了两年多。林奈的和尚好念经,宫庭厚遇
,让当地植物学家崇拜并生忌。他定期给林奈寄不少西班牙的植物标本。1754年,西
班牙组织自然考察队,奔赴新世界,勒夫林指定为植物学家to collect specimens for
the Spanish Court, the King of France, the Queen of Sweden, and Linnaeus。
此行还有一个目的是给哥伦比亚与委内瑞拉确实争议的国界,划条线。勒夫林手下有两
位外科医生加两位绘图工作者。
Pehr Löfling (1727-1756)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling
在加那内群岛作短暂停留,一队驶向委内瑞拉的Cumaná。一切顺利,勒夫林精力充沛
地采集植物,但气候还是热得要命,年底他就病倒了。黄热病,疟疾?终于把他身体拖
下。最后,他laid up in a tertian ague, became dropsical。1756年2月22日病逝
于圭亚那Merercuri的一个传教站,才二十七岁。The great vulture is dead,林奈
如是感概。林奈1758年修订他的西班牙旅行记Iter Hispanicum序言中给他有一首献诗
,to my dearest and best,
Löfling gave his life for Flora and her lovers; they mourn his loss.
身前(1753年),林奈就给了他花的献名,一种西班牙小草:Loeflingia hispanica,许
是奖赞他编辑《植物哲学》的贡献,许是因为他寄的比利牛斯半岛植物,那时他还能采
集更多的热带植物。在他逝去的地方,有一座以他命名的国家公园。
Loeflingia hispanica L., 沙刺花, Caryophyllaceae, 石竹科
His unique natural history papers were published posthumously by Carl Linnaeus.
Iter Hispanicum, eller resa til Spanska Länderna uti Europa och America 1751
til 1756. 1758.
Pehr Löfling (1729–1756). Iter Hispanicum, eller, Resa til Spanska Länderna
uti Europa och America … (Stockholm, 1758).
他没有留下任何画像。据说长得有点象Kalm,tall and towering, and with a manly and
agreeable countenance...性格好,人缘不错。
DIED 1756, San Antonio de Caroni, Guayana, Venezuela.
to be continued...
- posted on 12/09/2010
昨天一连写了四贴,半夜兴奋到四点,连读借书,都还能读深读细了……一般书上只
提十七门徒,具体陈述的也只有八九位,我争取把十七位都提及,赶过维基。其实维
基那么些门徒的英文版,中文版还待我来补充与修正,饮水思源。为林奈贡献一点,
作林奈英特网弟子也合时代,合心愿。
前面提到的中国犀牛角酒盅,敬祝健康长寿,确实使用过的人都得长寿,除了林奈也
不短啦,故而最后献寿瑞典国王(1970年,英国人会拍马屁:) 。Mangus Lagerstöm
这名字我还想再提一下,德文传记提得具体。他是瑞典东印度公司的老总,与荷兰的
克利福特比肩,大享啦。林奈的弟子奔赴世界各地,都有他的资助,科学会派往中国
的人员他公司的船都免费接送。林奈给他也有花的献名:
Lagerstroemia indica 'Catawba', Crapemyrtle, 紫薇,千屈菜科(Lythraceae)
那一线谈到王家,其实国会也一样倾心帮助林奈:瑞典当朝首相,着明的政治家Carl
Gustaf Tessin,1738-1752年Tessin无疑是瑞典最有影响力的人物,赞助科学发展
,爱好自然史,与林奈交遇甚厚。林奈的《自然体系》第二版以后都是题献给他的。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Tessin
It was due to the support of Count Tessin that Linnaeus was able to send
so many apostles into foreign countries. Recommendations from Tessin to
the Swedish East India company in Göteborg resulted in young naturalists'
being given free passage in sailing vessels to the Far East. The manager of
that successful trading company, commercial counselor Magnus Lagerstöm,
was a veriouly gifted and remarkably cultivated merchant prince. He exerted
himself to fulfill every conceivable wish of Linnaeus. The ships' captains were
given instructions to be helpful to the young naturalists in every respect,
even finacially, and to aid in securing specimens.
上面提及的《植物哲学》英文版的封面,我也贴一下:
Linnaeus' Philosophia Botanica, Hardcover
§ 79 The parts of the plant are the root (radix), the leafy shoot (herba) and
the organs of reproduction (fructificatio), that the leafy shoot consists of the
stem (truncus), the leaves (folia), accessory parts (fulcra, according to § 84
stipules, bracts, spines, prickles, tendrils, glands and hairs) and hibernating
organs (hibernacula, according to § 85 bulbs and buds), and that the organs
of reproduction comprise the calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil, pericarp and
receptacle.
托伦Olof Torén(1718–53) , 托伦随东印度公司远行到苏拉特(Surat, India)与广州
(1750),路中一直跟林奈通信,这些信件身后与Osbeck的游记一起发表于附录。他
路中已患病,1753年回瑞典后不久就逝了。林奈亦有献花名:
Torenia glabra, 蝴蝶草, 母草科(Torricelliaceae)
His travels were published posthumously as kind of appendix to the works
of Pehr Osbeck in 1757. En Ostindisk resa til Suratte, China &c från 1750
April I. til Jun. 26 1752.
DIED 1753, (Näsinge churchyard) Bohuslän, Sweden.
罗兰德尔Daniel Rolander (1725-1793)与林奈是同乡(Småland),1755年赴苏里
南研究和收集植物,寄给林奈。随林奈的相识Carl Gustave Dahlberg前行,一路上
染病,到了又几乎痊愈。罗兰德尔也广泛进行动物学研究,集中于昆虫。在苏里南他
从Paramaribo溯源苏里南河旅行采集。苏里南的气候不适应,加上酗酒成性,身体不
继。他提前回欧洲,直到1756年十月才返回瑞典,历时九个月。显然他与林奈有交恶
,因为学术职位不果,他拒绝把收藏交给林奈。林奈利用他在学术界的影响力打压他,
终致他精神残疾。他一直没能获得学术职位,不能发表文章,资助人一死,他便陷于
贫困,没没无闻。有人说他燥动的性格导至师徒分裂。此可见林奈的厉害!
His journal exists in a single manuscript copy in the Danish Botanical Library.
It is called Diarium Surinamicum, quod sub itinere exotico conscripsit Daniel
Rolander, tomus I & II. 1754-1756. The Danish professor C. F. Rottboell
used some of Rolander's diary and herbarium material as the basis for several
botanical treatises in the late 18th century. Rolander had sold the diary and
some of the herbarium to Rottboell and C. Kratzenstein, a colleague of Rottboell.
Besides several selections limited to a few pages or passages, the Diarium
Surinamicum has never been published and rarely been read for the last 240
years - despite its marvelous content.
罗兰德尔没留下画像,没有出书。他的《苏里南日记》手稿曾被Christen Friis Rottbøll
十八世纪末作为发表植物学文献使用过。据我查询,林奈亦未给他献名。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rolander
to be continued...
- posted on 12/09/2010
马丁Anton Rolandsson Martin (1729-1785)是生于现今爱沙尼亚,随后到瑞典林
奈门下。林奈替他从皇家学会弄了一笔钱探险北冰洋岛屿Spitsbergen。1758年,马
丁随捕鲸船到达该岛,但只能登陆数个小时而已。他尽量收集苔藓与地衣,尽管收获
少少,但他一行获得林奈称许。
His diary was first published in 1881. Dagbok hållen vid en resa till Norrpolen
eller Spitsbergen...1758. Ymer tidskrift 1881, Stockholm 1882.
阿德尔Carl Fredrik Adler(1720-1761)1761年航行至东印度采集,足迹亦涉猎爪哇
与中国。他的行程很短,同年就在爪哇病逝了。幸好,他死前成功地把在中国采集的标
本都寄给了老师。The only known document is a Skeppsläkarjournal, written
between 1753 - 1756 to India and China. 有一种黄蜂(wasp),Adleria dimorpha
致许多树,尤其是橡树瘿(gall)的,不知是不是林奈献名:
Oak gall which was caused by Clustered Midrib Gall Wasps(Adleria dimorpha)
DIED 1761, Indonesia
罗斯曼Göran Rothman(1739-1778)也是林奈老乡,不仅老乡,还是Växjö中学恩师,
物理和逻辑老师Johan Rothman的儿子。1757年小罗斯曼在林奈门下学习,1763五月
毕业,论文是论述ergotism病,林奈取名Raphania,以为是吃新鲜的全麦引起(面筋?)
,或者因为野芥菜籽引起,野芥菜(萝卜)拉丁名Raphanus raphanistrum L.。
1765年探行Åland群岛。1773到1776年被皇家学会派到利比亚与突尼斯,因为动乱没
能涉入更深,收集的标本少少。回来后在斯德哥尔摩开医生症所。
He was notable for his translations of Voltaire (1694-1778) and Alexander
Pope (1688-1744) into Swedish. 有一属植物Rothmannia是林奈的继承人腾伯格给
他的献名:
Rothmannia globosa, 茜草科(Rubiaceae)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman
His collections and unpublished diary are in Sweden, Bergianska collections,
Kungliga Vetenskaps akademien Stockholm. Resa till Tripoli år 1773-1776.
林奈1771年十二月给老朋友John Ellis的信中春风得意地说:My pupil Sparrman has
just sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, and another of my pupils, Thunberg,
is to accompany a Dutch embassy to Japan; both of them are competent
naturalists. The younger Gmelin is still in Persia, and my friend Falck is in Tartary.
Mutis is making splendid botanical discoveries in Mexico. Koenig has found a
lot of new things in Tranquebar. Professor Friis Rottböll of Copenhagen is
publishing the plants found in Surinam by Rolander. The Arabian discoveries
of Forsskål will soon be sent to the press in Copenhagen....
柏林Andreas Berlin (1746-1773)在乌普萨拉跟林奈学习,随后旅行到伦敦以寻找植
物考察的机会。1773年他与英国博物学家Henry Smeathman一道探索几内亚。这次
远行的目的是勘探非洲中部,不幸在抵达陆地之前他因胃病逝于Isles de Los岛。逝前
他给林奈寄了少许植物。我在网上查了一属豆科的Berlinia,不知道是不是林奈献的名:
Berlinia grandiflora, 大花鞋(工苏)木, 豆科, Fabaceae
果然是中西非的树!
Although he died shortly after his arrival his correspondence and collection
have been preserved for posterity.
DIED 1773, Isles de Los, Guinea.
阿弗瑟柳斯Adam Afzelius (1750-1837)在乌普萨拉大学教授东方语言(1777),1785
年转授植物学,是林奈最后一个门徒。其时林奈已去逝(1778),1792年与英国探险队出
行非洲西海岸的Sierra Leone,呆了一些年,1796年归返,发现了不少新的植物,陆续
见于他以后的植物著述。他相当的收藏散布在欧洲各大博物馆。1797-98年任瑞典驻伦
敦大使秘书,被选入皇家会。回瑞典以后依旧在乌普萨拉大学讲授植物学。除了专著论文
,他还写有林奈传记。这倒是有点象传说中的约翰,以弗所写启示录中的圣约翰。
His diary is kept in the Uppsala University Library in Sweden. Sierra Leone
Journals 1795-96. Ed Peter Kup, Uppsala 1967.以后植物学家James Edward Smith
对他也有豆科一属的献名Afzelius Sm:
Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers., 缅茄属
James Edward Smith我还要提一下,以后把林奈的宝库从瑞典买到英国去就是他的手
笔,其时他很年轻(24岁),花了一千几尼就从林奈遗孀Sara手下买走了林奈的所有遗下
的家当。以后他成立了英国林奈会,,,这个最后再详叙。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Afzelius
to be continued...
- posted on 12/10/2010
xw wrote:
XW, 你似在写[林奈传],有点走火入魔,“林奈是一位具有现代精神的教授,工程设计师和管理家,他在社会上有着各种优秀的 关系网。”你对林奈超时代肯定啊。
林奈成为 十八世纪科学家们的启蒙者,他的影响不仅在瑞典,而且在整个西方世界。你写得这么执着,坚持,上帝也要被感动。我时间不多,你又贴的快,只能大致地读一下你的贴,是不是可以确切地称呼林奈是一位“植物生物学家’’?
读到了你对那副林奈画的解释。他和孔子一样,也弟子多多,携带弟子,足迹遍及世界各地,给植物命名,分类。有趣的是一一以花卉为徒弟献名,以励他们的贡献。西方启蒙时代的先师们,那时的他们走出国界,探索自然知识,利用自然资源。财力,人力是谈何容易。探索动物领域的更惊险,记得去坦桑尼亚,曾瞻仰为了跟踪动物每年的迁移migration,有一位德国医生,飞机坠毁,父子双双献身,我把他称作为“人类精神”,没有国界,没有人种,世界唯我。你提到的北美山野上最美的杜鹃科的花卉Kalmia ,有Mountain Laurel,Sheep Laurel,眼熟,也喜欢。现在可以知道她们的花名了。认识了,一见是一种惊喜,不认识,欣赏余后又淡忘。植物是静物,较符合我的性格。
虽然在上海家事很多,也喜欢逛街,但书店总要光顾一下的。三联,新华,译文。。。前几天,在地铁站,又发现了“良友书店”,像防空洞那样纵深,莫测,书不少,人也多,我兴致勃勃地走了进去,先问有没有林奈的书,尽摇头,看来林奈是阳春白雪,太专业,遥远,很少有人问津,也可能我跑错书店。想来也是,上海现在这座庞大的摩登城市,灯红酒绿,物欲横流。。。。谁还对植物分类感兴趣,反思一下,你的这些贴,只要某天对某人,某事有用,就会显其难得珍贵。
我在书台边遛达,第一眼,竟看见棕红色封面,马慧元的“写意巴洛克”,显得单薄,开价倒要39元人民币。又想着咖啡近来小麦提到田晓菲的《赭城》,怎么发现小麦喜欢的都是女子作家田晓菲,黄碧云,翟永明,呵呵。田晓菲的书倒是放在架子上,这本《赭城》,没有,有[秋水堂论金瓶梅],[尘几录陶渊明和手抄本文化研究] ,原来她是哈佛比较文学的博士生,相片上像眼镜妞作家。关中提到韩寒的[我想和这个世界谈谈]。和韩寒的刊物[独唱团]16元。韩寒的书比较热门,黄牛皮色的封面,粗糙的别样,放在较显眼处,价钱不菲。网络写者能出人头地,也见锋芒。我翻了几下,网络文字总有点另类,海阔天空没着落,没多看。不过[我想和这个世界谈谈]前言的最后一段,有点关中的语言:我生命里的女孩们,无论你解不解我的风情,我无论解不解你的衣扣。在此刻,我是如此地思念你,不带们。这”不带们”是什么意思啊?
海子的诗倒有不少版本,买了一本精选本。海子确实是最会抒情的一位诗人,他的心灵和宇宙为一体,在宇宙的怀抱里嬉戏。海子有激扬的灵魂,却上帝给予简陋的躯体,唉,身灵不一,生命就悲恸,脆弱。
因对世界文学近年的作品有兴趣,想按上脉搏,继续逛着。幸喜找到了法国作家Mich el Houellebecq 米歇尔。维勒贝克2007在中国第一版的La possibilite d’une Ile [一个岛的可能性],是余中先译。米歇尔。维勒贝克被称为当今法国最具光彩的文坛奇才,他出一本书,法国文坛就要闹一场大地震,他1991年开始发表著作。1994年小说『战争的延伸』,1998年推出『基本粒子』,2001年的小说『平台』,2005年推出这本『一个岛的可能性』,维勒贝克善于捕捉当下的惹人注目的社会现象,如物欲横流,爱情的失落,性欲的冲动,存在的苦闷,他的描绘巨细靡遗,笔触充溢着爆发力和想象力,赤裸裸地将之描绘出来,但又不失其文学性。我随意翻开书的一页,“一个男人的性生活可以分为两个阶段:第一阶段,他射精过早,第二阶段,他不再勃起。”干净利落,毫无忸怩,很现代的文笔。
还顺便拿了一本Sean hall 肖恩霍尔关于符号学的书。信息爆炸的时代,正确认识符号,结构,文字的,声音的,图片的,立体的,病态的。。。。。意义表达的方式,明擦秋毫,现代社会的必备。
在书架上有10本2009年诺贝尔文学奖得主,德国作家赫塔 米勒的一套书,译者平平,不太靠谱,没碰。
书架上书是琳琅满目,在书店里逛很耐时间,有收获就好。是不是!
抱歉xw,在你纯粹的林奈线上跑题了
- posted on 12/10/2010
不带们,我猜就是不带“们”的意思吧? 谁个女孩子读了,就是想谁,就是只想她一个,不带们。
xw如此痴恋林奈,令人叹服。中国人好像心中装个神农氏就够了,不用去细究,岂知生物命名分类的艰难。等你续完后再详细一读。
秋子 wrote:
我在书台边遛达,第一眼,竟看见棕红色封面,马慧元的“写意巴洛克”,显得单薄,开价倒要39元人民币。又想着咖啡近来小麦提到田晓菲的《赭城》,怎么发现小麦喜欢的都是女子作家田晓菲,黄碧云,翟永明,呵呵。田晓菲的书倒是放在架子上,这本《赭城》,没有,有[秋水堂论金瓶梅],[尘几录陶渊明和手抄本文化研究] ,原来她是哈佛比较文学的博士生,相片上像眼镜妞作家。关中提到韩寒的[我想和这个世界谈谈]。和韩寒的刊物[独唱团]16元。韩寒的书比较热门,黄牛皮色的封面,粗糙的别样,放在较显眼处,价钱不菲。网络写者能出人头地,也见锋芒。我翻了几下,网络文字总有点另类,海阔天空没着落,没多看。不过[我想和这个世界谈谈]前言的最后一段,有点关中的语言:我生命里的女孩们,无论你解不解我的风情,我无论解不解你的衣扣。在此刻,我是如此地思念你,不带们。关中不要砸我,这”不带们”是什么意思啊?
- Re: 林奈 - Carl von Linné, Carolus Linnaeus (续)posted on 12/10/2010
最近忙得发昏,先赞一哈xw, 留着以后再读。 - posted on 12/10/2010
彼得·福尔斯科(Peter Forsskål,1732年1月11日-1763年7月11日),瑞典探险家、
东方学家、生物学家。
福尔斯科生于瑞典统治下的赫尔辛基,1742年10岁时即进入乌普萨拉大学学习,1751
年毕业。在大学期间,他是林奈的学生之一,但是也学习了东方学。1753年,他经介绍
进入哥廷根大学学习东方学。1756年,福斯卡尔回到乌普萨拉学经济学。但是在1759
年,他因为发表文章《论平民的自由》,被瑞典王家政府予以警告。
十八岁跟林奈学习(看林奈的弟子是不是北欧一家亲?)。1760年丹麦国王弗雷德里克
五世组织的探险队,前往中东探险。在此情况下,他被邀请参加丹麦中东考察队,远
赴阿拉伯世界。这个林奈欣然同意,虽然是丹麦的。丹麦国王Frederick V也豪爽,声
明所有标本收集都在几位国际知名的植物学家,当然林奈的研究后才收藏入哥本哈根。
1761年冬福尔斯科随考察队出发,第一站是亚里山大,福尔斯科在苏伊士一带发现大
量新样本,并成为世界第一个对红海生态动植物的研究者。1763年考察队抵达也门,
福尔斯科发现一种林奈很感兴趣的没药Commiphora。不幸,他身染热病malaria,
逝于1763年7月11日。
Commiphora myrrha, 没药, Burseraceae
Heinz Goerke对这一时行旅的匆乱作了详细的描述,不能不提:From the beginning
the expedition was ill-started. Quarrels broke out among the participants,
becoming more and more heated during the voyage through the Mediterranean
from Marseilles to Alexandria and Constantinople. Forsskål, however, let
nothing disturb his scientific zeal. He succeeded in over-coming the Arabs'
distrust of every form of scientific collecting, which at first had hindered him,
and at times even secured their assistance. The expedition proceeded by
ship as far as the southern part of the Arabian peninsula and was to return
by land. Though the collections and manuscipt of the expedition were sent
back to Europe by sea, much of the material was lost. Out of the entire
expedition, only one member, reached home - the German, Karsten Niebuhr,
who reappeared after seven years. It is thanks to him alone that this large
-scale undertaking had any results at all. Niebuhr put together whatever
had been rescued of Forsskål's notes and gave the fragments of his work
to the printer, among them the important Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica.
身后林奈给他一属蕁麻科植物(Forsskaolea)的献名:
Forsskaolea angustifolia, Urticaceae, 蕁麻科
The results of the expedition were first published in the 1770s and have been
frequently republished ever since. Den Arabiske Rejse 1761-1767. En dansk
ekspedition set i videnskapbshistorisk perspektiv, ed. Stig T. Rasmussen 1992.
DIED 1763, Jerim, Jemen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l
法克Johan Peter Falck(1732-1774)这名字不好听,怕是混同英语?其实植物学史
上还有一位Leonhart Fuches,地位相当高。当今世界有两位杜鹃权威Fox,Fuches
也就是德语Fox而已。狮心狐狸,有一种花作记,Fuchsia,有名的吊钟花。
不打岔了,法克就法克吧。法克1751年随林奈乌普萨拉大学学习,成为门徒。林奈弟
子多多,称为门徒的也只有区区十七个。虽然罗斯曼积恶,也一样是门徒。法克随林奈
到Gotland考察以后成为小卡尔的老师。1760年,林奈鼓励法克与福尔斯科一道随丹
麦埃及远征队考察,但没有被麦丹方面批准。1768年,俄国科学院东俄考察,因林奈
的关系法克成为一次考察队的领队。考察队勘探了俄国许多地方,包括Volgograd和中
亚大草原。法克探索与描述当地风俗,动植物。行旅中法克迷倒于鸦片,精神极端忧郁
。1774年探险队到达喀山,法克自杀。死后,他的收藏与旅行记送往圣彼得堡,以后
在Gmelin兄弟的理整理出版His notes were published in Germany ten years after
he took his own life in Kazan. Herr Joh. Pet. Falck: Beyträge zur Topographischen
Kenntniss des Russischen Reichs 1785-1786, (ed. J.G. Georgi).
献名有旋花一属(腾伯格献的):
Falkia repens L., Convolvulaceae
DIED 1774, Kazan, Russia
按时间秩序下来该讲索兰德尔Daniel Solander (1733-1782),前面两位门徒惨了点,
索兰德尔还好,除了没当成林奈大女媳。前头图片上与库克船长一起,他与Joseph
Banks一道参加了库克船上的环球行,HMS Endeavour。以后还有一位林奈门徒,
也随库克行,下一贴再提。他和林奈还有Artedi一样都出身于牧师家庭,林奈珍爱他:
brought him up under his own roof and cherished him as a son!有嫁女之
意,有传接之心。1760年,24岁的索兰德尔应林奈举荐前往英国,'the connection
he was known to bear as the favourite pupil of the great master....his
perfect acquaintance with the whole scheme [i.e. the sexual system]
and the urbanity of his manners' did much to further the advance of the
system in England.
'Dr Daniel Solander', eartherware jasper, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons
1762年林奈为他取得彼得堡的植物教授职位,并许他以后接手自己乌普萨拉职位,索
兰德尔一心只想呆在英国。以往一直提到的Lisa Stina也不见提了。1763年索兰德
尔在大英博物馆工作,1768随库克船长远行。回来后还与Banks一道冰岛行。当然这
一切都是Banks的费用,标本归属不由他自由。林奈不高兴了,责怪这么多年索兰德
尔从未寄给他任何标本,忘恩负义。他也有一双鹰眼,比他的老师,还有前面说的the
Vulture一丝不差。
On board the Endeavour, at anchor off Rio de Janiero in 1768, Solander
wrote a last letter to Linnaeus; it concludes with greetings to Linnaeus's
family and to 'your eldest daughter, whom I had hoped would make me happy'.
From his three-year voyage round the word, Solander sent no specimens
to Linnaeus, who was angry and indignant; but these beloned not to him
but to Banks. In his later years Linnaeus was often head to complain of 'the
ungrateful Solander', but in fact he was far from ungrateful; when Linnaeus's
son visited England in 1781 and 82, it was Solander who acted as his cicerone
and who also nurse him through a serious illness. Solander died suddenly of
apoplexy - a cerebral haemorrhage - in 1782; his name is know better known
by the Solander case which he invented than by the handsome genus
Solandra or by the cape, north of Sydney, which bears his name.
Solandra maxima, 金杯花, 茄科(Solanaceae)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Solander
to be continued...
- posted on 12/10/2010
谁笑得最后,谁笑得最好。门徒最后一贴谈两位集大成者,斯巴曼Anders Sparrman
(1748-1820) 成为林奈门徒的时候已经作为外科医生在中国呆了两年,带回来巨大量
植物的收藏。1771年十二月,23岁的他到开普顿,作为家庭教师剩下的时间全用作植
物采集。
一年后库克船长经过,随库克第二次环球行,HMS Resolution,同船有Forster父子
两位自然学家。两年多以后,六千6,000 nautical miles,他又回到开普顿。再下来八
个月在南非采集,1776年返回瑞典,耗尽了体力。1787年他又到非洲塞内加尔等西海
岸寻找可殖民的土地,终于没有结局。
库克三次环球行, 第一回红线,第二回绿,第三回蓝。虚蓝...是库克逝后。
Heinz Goerke认为他在门徒里面收集最大,当然,也许腾伯格更胜一筹:The most
productive of the travels subsidezed by the Swedish East India company
were unquestionably those of Anders Sparrman who traveled to China in
1765 and spent two years, there, bringing back rich collections. In 1772
Sparrmann once more took ships with the East India company, this time
to South Africa, where he explored Cape Colony and joined Cook on his
second expedition to Antarctica(1772-1776). In 1787 Sparramnn engaged
in another swedish expedition to Africa. This was commissioned by the
crown to find a suitable site on african coast for a Swedish colony but had
no success.
Anders Sparrman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Sparrman
斯巴曼当然有植物献名,是锦葵科一属大灌木Sparmannia:
Sparmannia africana, 垂蕾树, 椴树科(Lime family), 现已被置入锦葵科
Large collections are kept in Stockholm, Sweden at the Museum of Natural
History and the National Museum of Ethnography. His travel diaries were
published in four languages between 1783 and 1818. Resa till Goda Hopps
-Udden, södra Polkretsen och omkring Jordklotet, samt till Hottentott- och
Caffer-Landen Åren 1772-1776. Vol. 1. 1783, vol II.1 1802, vol. II. 2 1818,
Stockholm.
Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828) - 腾伯格
如果有谁比斯巴曼在国外的收获更大,那只能是腾伯格了。林奈逝后,小林奈接了一段
时间班,不久也逝。衣钵传到腾伯格的身上,腾伯格也相应搬进了林奈的旧居。
腾伯格有称呼“南非植物之父”或“日本林奈”。腾伯格随林奈学习自然哲学与医学,
毕业于1767年,他毕业论文研究的是坐骨神经痛病Sciatica,并着De Ischiade.1770
年拿traveling奖学金到巴黎进造。1771年游学阿姆斯特丹与Leiden大学。在荷兰,也
是林奈的老友Brumann父子的影响才有一旅。费用大多是荷兰富家花园透支,东方的花
卉!记得林奈写信鼓励他不畏艰难,虽然自己已老态了:Don't be afraid of exposing
yourself to some degree of dangers, anyone who hopes to reach a glorious
goal must take many risks...This voyage is not as perilous as some people
here would have us belive. The Norwegian coast is the most dangerous
part of the jouney; following winds will carry you from Sweden to China,
and there is less to fear after you pass the Dutch coast.
应荷兰东印度公司邀请在船上行医,在南非开普顿逗留三年,学荷兰语并研究当地植物。
当时日本在欧洲列强间只与荷兰人打交道,腾伯格要学好荷兰语伪装荷兰人才行。腾伯
格在南非给林奈寄了三百多个新植物种,大量的植物标本,让林奈喜孜不已,每听到腾
伯格要往南非深处行,林奈急不可耐地遥控书信:
Let me know the route you propose to take on your long journey. I am most
anxious to live until you get back; what a joy it would be for me to be present
on that great day, and to touch with my hands the laurels that will crown your
brow. Lay for me a wreath of flowers on the altar of African Flora....I gather
that you intend going to the Indies next spring. May God grant you a prosperous
voyage. Think of me as often as I think of you, which is whenever I touch your
plants; when I study them it is as if I were talking to you.
Letter Linnaeus to Thunberg, 1773
1775年船行至爪哇岛,在Batavia停留两个月。1775年8月到日本的一个小岛Dejima
(出島)一座很小的人工小岛,与对面的长崎陆湾一桥之隔。这是荷兰的通商地,林奈任
外科医生。虽然一桥之隔,但不容轻易跨过。
Thunberg's travels in Japan
他收集研究遍了岛上植物,为了寻求更多的样本他用西医知识与日本译员交易植物标本
。有时he go daily through the fodder brought by Japanese servants to feed
the swine and cattle penned on Deshima and pick out specimens. 1776年他
终于能随行在陆地上一行,到伊豆(东京)参拜幕府将军。一行中他采集大量日本植物。
他的科学研究集成于专著《日本植物志》Flora Japonica,虽然许多冠以Japonica的植
物源于中国。
Flora Japonica, 1784
1776年11月离开日本,在爪哇短暂停留,来年7月他来到锡兰(斯里兰卡),在此多次
植物旅行。回荷兰前他在开普顿又驻留两周,1778年10月回到荷兰。1776年他已被
选入瑞典皇家学会,1779年才回国,他还是到英国绕了一下,结识了Joseph Banks,
当然有Solandor旧唔。在英国他见到德国植物学家Engelbert Kaempfer的日本植物
收藏,还结识了Forsters,与司巴曼一道随库克船长第二次环球行的,福斯特向他展
示他的植物收藏。1779年3月回到瑞典,那时林奈已去逝一年多了。
他一生著作丰富,命名有245个动植物种,显然植物多于动物。1823年编写《开普顿
植物志》Flora capensis:
A striking feature of Thunberg's works is their cold objectivity. His interest
in nature was purely scientific. He never sought adventure, nor does it seem
that the beauty of a foreign scene, the strangeness of new plants or the
circumstances of their discovery particularly moved him. His principal concern
was the practical value of what he found....
他在日本以及世界各地的行旅也留下了游记: Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, förrättad
åren 1770-1779. vol. I 1788, vol. II 1789, vol. III 1791, vol. IV 1793.
腾伯格身前名誉卓著,曾是世界各地六十六个学会的会员。当然有花名,Thunbergia,
一种南非植物,Retzius给的。英文Black-eyed Susan,怕与小吕倍克那Rudbeckia
(日光菊)混同,通俗名称就是这么随意。黑眼睛苏姗,我以为腾伯格的花名更正宗!
Thunbergia alata, 1825, Botanical Magazine
As long as in our paradise of flowers there wanders a botanist, so long will
the name Thunberg be held in honoured remembrance.-Verduyn den Boer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg
to be continued...
- posted on 12/11/2010
哦,不带们,是这个意思,谢瓦解释,是网络上的词汇再创造。
一切都逃不脱这世界在飞速与时俱进,在颠覆,这次在上海,我不能有时间深入了解,感觉是“全面复辟”,好听一点是和世界接轨,在好点的区,转身就碰到一位老外,上海又成了十里洋场。好像你在上海呆过,从你的审美观看的出来。
我上网时间有限,你的英译中诗“里尔克对莎乐美说”,压抑的情感开始释放,词汇优美,老瓦借别人的诗译自己的诗,好评一下阿。还有小麦贴的那首 Put out my eyes, and I can see you still;
January 1, 2010 by Sineokov 这首诗好极了,翻成中文试试,可能有点难度。
突然想起
曾有一个誓言
似雾中迷失的帆船
漂浮不定
在有意无意之间
呈现。
---给老瓦玩味
老瓦 wrote:
不带们,我猜就是不带“们”的意思吧? 谁个女孩子读了,就是想谁,就是只想她一个,不带们。
秋子 wrote:
我在书台边遛达,第一眼,竟看见棕红色封面,马慧元的“写意巴洛克”,显得单薄,开价倒要39元人民币。又想着咖啡近来小麦提到田晓菲的《赭城》,怎么发现小麦喜欢的都是女子作家田晓菲,黄碧云,翟永明,呵呵。田晓菲的书倒是放在架子上,这本《赭城》,没有,有[秋水堂论金瓶梅],[尘几录陶渊明和手抄本文化研究] ,原来她是哈佛比较文学的博士生,相片上像眼镜妞作家。关中提到韩寒的[我想和这个世界谈谈]。和韩寒的刊物[独唱团]16元。韩寒的书比较热门,黄牛皮色的封面,粗糙的别样,放在较显眼处,价钱不菲。网络写者能出人头地,也见锋芒。我翻了几下,网络文字总有点另类,海阔天空没着落,没多看。不过[我想和这个世界谈谈]前言的最后一段,有点关中的语言:我生命里的女孩们,无论你解不解我的风情,我无论解不解你的衣扣。在此刻,我是如此地思念你,不带们。关中不要砸我,这”不带们”是什么意思啊?
- Re: 林奈 - Carl von Linné, Carolus Linnaeus (续)posted on 12/13/2010
秋子 wrote:
又想着咖啡近来小麦提到田晓菲的《赭城》,怎么发现小麦喜欢的都是女子作家田晓菲,黄碧云,翟永明,呵呵。
秋子在国内好快活 :)。不过我要撇清一下,我可没有喜欢“黄碧云,翟永明”啥的。我转贴的东西不能等于我喜欢我爱啊,虽然她们两人也都不错。
等着看秋子的回国游哈。 - posted on 12/15/2010
小麦:喜欢就喜欢,知道你指的是她们的文字和作品,有时候也会爱书及人的嘛。
我是家事缠身,不是你想象的那样快活。你的叨叨倒是读了让人开心。问好!
小麦 wrote:
秋子 wrote:秋子在国内好快活 :)。不过我要撇清一下,我可没有喜欢“黄碧云,翟永明”啥的。我转贴的东西不能等于我喜欢我爱啊,虽然她们两人也都不错。
又想着咖啡近来小麦提到田晓菲的《赭城》,怎么发现小麦喜欢的都是女子作家田晓菲,黄碧云,翟永明,呵呵。
等着看秋子的回国游哈。 - Re: 林奈 - Carl von Linné, Carolus Linnaeus (续)posted on 12/23/2010
秋子 wrote:
我是家事缠身,不是你想象的那样快活。你的叨叨倒是读了让人开心。问好!
新年好好的哈!
- posted on 12/28/2010
小麦 wrote:
秋子 wrote:新年好好的哈!
我是家事缠身,不是你想象的那样快活。你的叨叨倒是读了让人开心。问好!
小麦,你也新年好哈,谢谢!也恭贺XW的林奈终于完成了。
这两天漫天雪花,我童心大发,堆个笑眯眯的雪人,满脑子只有这首歌-------
祝福咖啡各位新年好!
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