英格兰君主表
维基百科,自由的百科全书
目录
1 诺曼王朝
2 安茹王朝
3 金雀花王朝
4 兰开斯特王朝
5 约克王朝
6 都铎王朝
7 斯图亚特王朝
8 共和政府
9 斯图亚特王朝复辟
10 汉诺威王朝
11 萨克森—科堡-哥达王朝
12 温莎王朝
英格兰及英国君主
诺曼王朝(1066)
House of Norman
威廉一世 King William I the Conqueror "征服王"
(1066-87)
威廉二世 King William II Rufus "红毛王"
(1087-1100)
亨利一世 King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc "儒雅王"
(1100-35)
斯蒂芬(King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝)
(1135-54)
安茹王朝
House of Anjou
亨利二世 King Henry II Curtmantle "短斗篷王"
(1154-89)
理查一世 King Richard I Coeur de Lion "狮心王"
(1189-99)
约翰 King John Lackland "无地王" Magna Carta
(1199-1216)
金雀花王朝
House of Plantagenet
亨利三世 King Henry III)
(1216-72)
爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank) "长脚王"
(1272-1307)
爱德华二世 King Edward II
(1307--27)
爱德华三世 King Edward III, Hundred war
(1327-77)
理查二世 King Richard II, war of roses, wat tyler
(1377-99)
兰开斯特王朝
House of Lancaster
亨利四世 King Henry IV
(1399-1413)
亨利五世 King Henry V
(1413-22)
亨利六世 King Henry VI, Eton, King's College, Cambridge
(1422-71)
约克王朝
House of York
爱德华四世 King Edward IV
(1461-83)
爱德华五世 King Edward V
(1483)
理查三世 King Richard III
(1483-5)
都铎王朝
House of Tudor
亨利七世 King Henry VII
(1485-1509)
亨利八世 King Henry VIII (1509)
(1509-47)
爱德华六世 King Edward VI
(1547-53)
简·格雷 Lady Jane Grey
(?)
玛丽一世 Queen Mary I the Bloody "血腥玛丽"
(1553-8)
伊丽莎白一世 Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603, Virgin Queen)
(1558-1603)
斯图亚特王朝
House of Stewart
詹姆斯一世 King James I, King James Bible
(1603-25)
查理一世 King Charles I
(1625-49)
共和政府
奥利弗·克伦威尔,护国公 (1653)
理查·克伦威尔,护国公
斯图亚特王朝复辟
House of Stewart
查理二世 King Chales II
(1660-85)
詹姆斯二世 King James II
(1685-8)
威廉三世和玛丽二世 King William III and Queen Mary II
W.(1688-1702)
M.(1688-94) Saddest queen!
安妮女王 Queen Ann
1702-14 Spainish succession.
汉诺威王朝
House of Hannover
乔治一世 King George I
(1714-27)
乔治二世 King George II
(1727-60)
乔治三世 King George III
(1760-1820)
乔治四世 King George IV
(1820-37)
威廉四世 King William IV
(?)
维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria
(1837-1901)
萨克森—科堡-哥达王朝
House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha
爱德华七世 King Edward VII
(1901-10)
温莎王朝
The House of Windsor
乔治五世 King George V
(1901-36)
爱德华八世 King Edward VIII
(1936)
乔治六世 King George VI
(1936-52)
伊丽莎白二世 Queen Elizabeth II
(1952- )
=====
英国王位继承
英国王位的继承是根据长子继承权来决定的,即王位应先由现任君主的长子继承,然后才依次序轮到其他儿子,最后才轮到女儿。但是根据法律,英国王位的继承不是自动的,1701年通过的《王位继承法》(Act of Settlement)规定,王位应该传给漢諾威女选帝侯蘇菲亞(Electress Sophia of Hanover)的有血缘关系的后代,而且继承者不得是天主教徒,也不得嫁娶一名天主教徒。至今还没有人因是天主教徒或嫁娶了一名天主教徒而无法继承王位,一些人认为该规定与英国其他法律中禁止宗教歧视的条款有冲突。不过实际上,绝大多数有资格继承王位的人都是基督教新教徒,而且在公开场合都大多宣称自己是圣公会成员。
此外该法案还规定,王位的继承是由议会来决定的,而非君主本人。
继承顺序
这里列出了有资格继承王位的前15人,完整的列表见[1]
http://members.aol.com/eurostamm/succession_2001.html
目前的君主:伊丽莎白二世女王陛下
1. 威尔士亲王查尔斯王储殿下(伊丽莎白二世的长子)
2. 威廉王子殿下(查尔斯王储的长子)
3. 亨利王子殿下(又名哈利王子,查尔斯王储的次子)
4. 约克公爵殿下(又名安德鲁王子,伊丽莎白二世的第二个儿子)
5. 比阿特丽斯公主殿下(约克公爵的长女)
6. 欧吉妮公主殿下(约克公爵的次女)
7. 威塞克斯伯爵殿下(又名爱德华王子,伊丽莎白二世的第三个儿子)
8. 路易斯公主殿下(又名路易斯·温莎,威塞克斯伯爵的女儿)
9. 王家長公主殿下(又名安妮公主,伊丽莎白二世的女儿)
10.彼得·菲利浦斯(安妮公主的长子)
11.扎拉·菲利浦斯(安妮公主的女儿)
12.林莱子爵(乔治四世的孙子、玛格丽特公主的儿子)
13.查尔斯·阿姆斯特朗-琼斯(林莱子爵的儿子)
14.玛格丽特·阿姆斯特朗-琼斯(林莱子爵的女儿)
15.萨拉·切多(乔治四世的孙女、玛格丽特公主的女儿)
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/19/2005
Thanks for the info. Sorry being picky - but it would be better if the time period is given for all the periods as some of them were.
And more to the point - what inspired your idea of listing all these British historical periods? Are you going to discuss the sustainability of the Monarchies? - posted on 03/22/2005
little wrote:
Thanks for the info. Sorry being picky - but it would be better if the time period is given for all the periods as some of them were.
I'll add more time info if it's fairly meaningful.
And more to the point - what inspired your idea of listing all these British historical periods? Are you going to discuss the sustainability of the Monarchies?
Only for the future reference, quite important though.
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 05/11/2006
前不久在百慕大读到一本英国皇家画传,现在把在位年历补足。
有趣的两件事是,英国从威廉入主到伊丽莎白二世,虽王朝更替,近
千间也只有四十个皇帝(后)。其中还包括威廉玛丽共执,以及爱德
华八世弃位。
英国有许多长寿的君主,这是国家的福气。我注意到享利这个名字很
吉利,也是因为第一二三位享利都相对长寿(十二三世纪来说)。
中国不死不活的皇帝太多,是后宫混乱之故?
另外还有三个玛丽的事情,很有意思,有时间再小议。
- posted on 05/11/2006
血腥玛丽
玛丽一世,(Mary I, 1516年2月18日-1558年11月17日)英格蘭和爱尔兰女王(理论上她是从1553年7月6日, 实际上从7月19日在位一直到1558年11月17日她去世时)。 她是都铎王朝的第四任也是倒数第二位君主。 她主要事迹是曾努力把英国从新教恢复到罗马天主教(1555年)。 为此,她曾处决了差不多三百个反对者。于是而被称为“血腥玛丽”(Bloody Mary)。从此以后, Bloody Mary在英语中就成了女巫的同义词。 但是她的宗教政策在很大程度上被她的继任者伊丽莎白一世所颠倒。
几乎在同一时期,还有一个叫玛丽的女王,那就是苏格兰女王,玛丽一世。
她的统治结束后,新教徒伊丽莎白一世登上王位,天主教统治结束。
&&&&
玛丽*斯图亚特 (苏格兰)
苏格兰女王玛丽一世(英文Mary I of Scotland,Mary Stuart或Stewart,Mary, Queen of Scots,1542年12月8日至1587年2月8日)是苏格兰的统治者(1542年12月14日至1567年7月14日)以及法國王妻(1559年7月10日至1560年12月5日)。她也许是苏格兰君主中最有名的一位,部分原因是她生活的悲剧。
苏格兰女王玛丽,有时被人们把她同她的表姐(即英格兰女王玛丽一世,“血腥的玛丽”)弄混,因为她们生活的时期大致相同,统治时期也很相符。
目录
1 早年
2 加冕礼
3 粗暴求婚
4 法兰西岁月
5 重返苏格兰
6 亡命英格兰
7 处决
8 玛丽的遗物
9 玛丽的遗产
10 参考文献
11 外部链接
早年
1542年12月8日,她诞生在苏格兰西洛锡安地区的林利思哥宫,父亲是苏格兰国王詹姆斯五世,母亲是法国权臣吉斯公爵弗朗索瓦·德·洛林之妹玛丽·德·吉斯。
在国王罗伯特二世的统治期内确立了苏格兰王位继承规定:罗伯特的所有儿子父系中的男性(在议会法案中列出)才有资格继承王位,因为罗伯特第一次婚姻所生的孩子的合法性受到置疑。只有在父系灭绝的情况下王位才能传给女性和母系。所有其他的父系多年前就已去世了,但是奥尔巴尼公爵(王室的表亲)在几年前还活着并于1536年去世。如果他没有先于詹姆斯五世去世的话,玛丽并不一定会继承王位。在这种算是半符合萨利法典的情况下,玛丽继承了王位,因为王室的其他所有父系都已经先于她的父亲去世了。
她的父亲在30岁的时候去世,他的死因大概是霍乱,尽管他同时代的人认为他的死亡应该归因于在Solway Moss战役中败于英格兰以及受到羞辱所导致的悲伤。在福克兰宫,她父亲听说了她的出生并预言道:“ 魔鬼与之相伴。它随一个小姑娘而来,也会随一个小姑娘而去!”斯图亚特家族曾通过玛杰瑞(她是苏格兰国王罗伯特一世的女儿)坐上了苏格兰王位的宝座。詹姆士确信玛丽意味着斯图亚特家族在苏格兰统治的结束。其实,通过玛丽的儿子,他们在统一的英格兰和苏格兰的统治开始了。(玛丽在法国的时候采用了法语的拼法“Stuart",她的子孙后代们坚持了它。)
六天大的玛丽成了苏格兰的女王,第二任亚兰伯爵詹姆士·汉密尔顿,王位的下一个继承人 ,在1554年以前扮演着摄政王的角色,接着女王的母亲任摄政王,直到她死于1560年。玛丽出生六个月之后,1543年的七月,根据格林尼治条约,她应该与英格兰的爱德华六世(他是英格兰的亨利八世的儿子)在1552年结婚,他们的继承人将继承英格兰王国和苏格兰王国的王位。两个月以后,玛丽和她的母亲(她当初强烈地反对结婚的建议),躲进了斯特林城堡,那里是为玛丽加冕而准备的。
加冕礼
玛丽于1543年9月9日在斯特林城堡的皇家小礼拜堂加冕为苏格兰女王。如此年幼就加冕为女王和独特的典礼,这场加冕一时在欧洲成为街谈巷议的焦点。
加冕那天,玛丽身着缩小了的厚重的皇家礼服。她柔嫩的脖子上系着深红色天鹅绒斗篷,下摆为貂皮,带有长袖镶有宝石的绸缎长袍包裹着这个婴儿,她已经可以坐起但尚不能走路。林斯顿大人怀抱着她庄严地走进皇家小礼拜堂。礼拜堂内,林斯顿爵士把玛丽带到圣坛前,轻柔地将她放在已经放置好了的王位上。然后他起身扶住她,使她不会滚下。
不久,枢机David Beaton便宣读了加冕誓词。林斯顿大人代替玛丽回答。此后,枢机松开了她沉重的长袍,施以涂油礼,将圣油涂在她的背上,胸部和手掌上。在寒风下,玛丽开始哭泣。兰诺克斯伯爵授予并将节杖放在她的小手上。玛丽抓住了沉重的节杖。第五代阿盖尔伯爵阿奇博尔德·坎贝尔觐献了国剑。主教将这把三英尺长的剑束在她的纤腰上。
然后,第二代阿伦伯爵詹姆士·汉密尔顿拿来王冠。Beaton枢机小心翼翼地把王冠戴在她头上的天鹅绒饰环上。枢机固定了王冠,林斯顿大人将她扶正,兰诺克斯和阿伦伯爵亲吻她的面颊以示忠诚,随后其他的高级教士和贵族跪地,以手触冠,宣誓效忠。
粗暴求婚
玛丽女王登基不久,《格林威治条约》便分崩离析。与苏格兰人联姻的婚约并没有能够持续下去,尤其是亨利八世的猜忌心理,他试图改变协议以便在婚姻开始前占有玛丽。他甚至还想破坏苏格兰与法国的传统联盟。因为害怕人民起义,苏格兰议会在这年年末解除了这项条约。
但是这并不能使亨利八世满意。他开始谋划“粗暴求婚”计划,即强迫玛丽嫁给他的儿子。这其中还包含一系列对苏格兰领土的袭击以及其他行动。这一计划一直持续到1551年6月,耗资超过50万镑,许多人为此失去了生命。1544年5月,英格兰的赫特福德伯爵(即后来爱德华六世时的萨姆塞特公爵)打到了福斯湾,并期盼能攻占爱丁堡俘获还是婴孩的女王,但是玛丽·德·吉斯将女王隐藏在斯特灵城堡的密室中。在这关键时刻,仍然信守親密同盟的法国人帮助了苏格兰人。
1547年9月10日,又被称为“黑色星期六”,苏格兰人在平其克鲁之战中遭到惨败。玛丽·德·吉斯因为害怕女儿受到伤害,暂时将她送到因其摩霍姆修道院,并转而向法国大使马歇德沃依色尔寻求帮助。法国的新国王,亨利二世,此时正打算透过苏格兰年幼的女王与自己刚出生儿子,皇太子弗朗索瓦的联姻来统一法国与苏格兰。这在玛丽看来是解决其麻烦的唯一明智方法。1548年2月,当玛丽·德·吉斯听到英格兰军队撤军消息后,她将女儿转移到达蒙波特城堡。英格兰的撤军再次只留下一地瓦砾,他们强占了战略要地汉廷顿。到6月,盼望已久的法军才姗姗而来,7月7日,与法国的婚约在距离汉廷顿不远的修道院内签署。玛丽将被送往法国,亨利二世将负责培养教育她。1548年8月7日,亨利二世派出的法国舰队从达蒙波特驶回法国,五岁的苏格兰女王在船上。
法兰西岁月
(根据那时人的记录)活泼,可爱,聪明的玛丽有个前途似锦的童年。因为有婚约在身,她于1548年五岁的时候被送到法国。在法国宫廷里度过了十年的童年时光。她身边有自己的小朝廷,是由两个大臣,两位胞兄,和“四玛丽”(即四个和她相同年纪都叫玛丽的女孩子,她们分别来自苏格兰四个显贵的家族:Beaton、Seaton、 Fleming 、林斯顿)组成。
在法国王宫里,玛丽是宠儿。她受到了法国所能提供的最好的教育,当她教育生涯结束时,她已掌握了法语、拉丁语、希腊语、西班牙语和意大利语,加上她原先的母语——苏格兰语。她学会了两种乐器的演奏方法并学习了散文,马术,训鹰术和缝纫。
1558年4月24日,她在巴黎圣母院嫁给了法国皇太子弗朗索瓦。1559年7月10日,亨利二世病故后,她成为了法国王后;她丈夫成为了法兰西弗朗索瓦二世。按照常规继承法的规定,玛丽在其无嗣的表姐伊丽莎白一世之后,是英格兰王位的下一个继承人。但是,根据天主教,伊丽莎白是私生女,使玛丽成为真正的王位继承人。尽管反天主教嗣位法直到1701年才通过。亨利八世的意志使斯图亚特家族仍被排除在继承英国王位的行列里。玛丽的麻烦由于法国雨格诺派起义(称作1560年3月6日到17日的安波依斯阴谋)而增多,使得法国不能在苏格兰方面救援玛丽。继承问题由此产生。
1560年12月5日,弗朗索瓦二世去世。玛丽的婆婆,凯瑟琳·德·梅第奇开始在佛朗哥二世弟弟查理九世执政时期摄政。1560年7月6日,玛丽的代表签署了爱丁堡条约,在其母玛丽·德·吉斯逝世后,按条约法国从苏格兰撤军,并承认伊丽莎白女王在英格兰的统治权。仍居法国的十八岁的玛丽拒绝批准这个条约。
重返苏格兰
此后不久,这位年轻的寡妇就回到了苏格兰,于1561年8月19日回到了利斯。她才仅仅十八岁,尽管她很有天赋,但她的成长背景没有给她判断力以应付当时苏格兰危险复杂政治局面。宗教使得人民之间矛盾重重,玛丽的私生兄弟,第一代默瑞伯爵詹姆士·斯图亚特,是新教派系的首领。玛丽,作为一个虔诚的罗马天主教徒,却遭到了许多臣民和她父亲表妹英格兰女王伊丽莎白一世以及新教邻国君主的猜疑。新教改革者约翰·诺克斯就公然鼓动他人反对玛丽,指责玛丽听弥撒,跳舞,穿着太精细和其他东西,亦真亦幻。
但是,使天主教派失望的是,玛丽并没有急于从事天主教的事业。她容忍了新建立的基督新教优势,保留了她的私生兄弟詹姆士·斯图亚特首席顾问的职位。通过这个事件,玛丽可能意识到在和新教徒贵族的对抗中,她缺乏有效的军事力量。但是,通过与詹姆士联合,在1562年打击苏格兰的天主教代表要员亨特利大人,她有效地收窄了她的选择。
直到1561年,玛丽思考再三决定邀请伊丽莎白访问苏格兰。然而伊丽莎白仍对血统一事耿耿于怀。玛丽于是派遣了雷森顿的威廉马特兰德作为驻英格兰宫廷的大使提交了将玛丽作为可能的英格兰储君的议案。伊丽莎白的回应可以归纳如下:“以我王位的称谓和我所处的时代为名,她将不可能获得储君的地位。”然而,在玛丽写给盖斯公爵的信中,却记载了马特兰德告诉她的一些其他事情,包括伊丽莎白支持她的声明:“在我眼中没有比玛丽更好适合这个职位的人,我本人就很亲徕她。在这件事情中,伊丽莎白就刻意留心了议会的作用。
1561年12月,玛丽与伊丽莎白的会见已经进入日程表,这次的回见地点定在了英格兰,但伊丽莎白改变了主意。回见地点被定在了八、九月间在约克,或者“其他类似城市”。七月,由于法国内战,伊丽莎白派遣亨利辛迪爵士改变了回见地点。1563年,为了平衡与玛丽的关系,伊丽莎白试图劝说玛丽嫁给罗伯特达德利,莱切斯特伯爵一世,亨利辛迪爵士的姻亲。他深得伊丽莎白女王信任并且认为她可以借此控制玛丽。达德利是个新教徒,对伊丽莎白而言,这此联姻能达到一石二鸟的效果。她派遣了一个特使告知玛丽,如果她嫁给伊丽莎白指定的一个人(在那时还是匿名的),伊丽莎白将“开始调查玛丽是否具有权利获得王室称谓而成为伊丽莎白的堂妹进而成为王位继承人。”这个计划遭到了玛丽的拒绝。
1565年7月29日,在圣十字架宫,玛丽出人意料地嫁给了亨利·斯图亚特,达恩利爵士,英格兰亨利七世的后裔。玛丽的长堂兄。对于天主教首领,同时也是她的私生兄弟,莫里伯爵而言是突然一击。他们公然发动叛乱,玛丽不得不于1565年8月26日逃往斯特灵去组织力量进行抵抗。9月,玛丽又前往爱丁堡招募更多军队。莫里和其他起兵的贵族被击败了,决定胜负的战斗即是后来广为人知的蔡斯袭击。玛丽与达恩利的联姻激怒了伊丽莎白:她认为这次婚姻尽管已经完成但是应该得到她的许可。因为达恩利的英格兰贵族头衔。伊丽莎白觉察到这次婚姻带给她本人的威胁。因为达德利具有英格兰和苏格兰皇室的血统,任何达恩利和玛丽的子女都极有可能去继承玛丽和伊丽莎白皇位(事实上他的确继承了双方的疆域)。
不久以后,玛丽就怀孕了。但达恩利很快就变得傲慢自大,桀骜不逊,贪求权力,要求在他的头衔上赠以“国王”的名号。他嫉妒玛丽与她私人秘书,大卫瑞里奥之间的友谊,在1566年3月,达恩利进入参与了一个在蔡斯袭击中反叛玛丽的贵族组成的秘谋组织。3月9日,一个贵族团体,伙同达恩利,刺杀了当时正在圣十字架宫与玛丽会商国事的瑞里奥。这次行动加速了玛丽与达恩利婚姻的破裂。达恩利很快再次改变了立场与那些参与刺杀的贵族决裂,但在另一场合,他袭击了玛丽,正是这次不成功的袭击导致了玛丽的流产。
随着1566年7月,玛丽的继承人即以后的英格兰詹姆士一世,苏格兰詹姆士六世的出世,玛丽声称孩子的父亲是詹姆士赫伯恩,伯斯维尔四世伯爵,一个即将成为她第三任丈夫的冒险家。一个除掉达恩利的阴谋正逐渐形成,此时的达恩利正重病缠身,(有可能是梅毒)。他被安排在爱丁堡的一幢别墅里康复,玛丽常去探望他,在可预知的将来,他们很有可能因此复合。1567年2月,别墅里发生了一次爆炸,爆炸发生后,在花园里发现了已经咽气的达恩利。他看起来是被掐死的。这一事件原本是对玛丽的一种解脱,却不想败坏了她的名誉。大家都把注意力放到了伯斯维尔身上,认为是他刺杀了达恩利,由此招致了一场对伯斯维尔的审判但最后法庭宣判他无罪。玛丽试图在贵族中重新寻找支持。他们中的一部分就是在伯斯维尔曾经笼络过签署了埃斯里客栈联合声明,支持他迎娶玛丽的贵族。
4月24日,玛丽最后一次在斯特灵探视了她的儿子。在她返回爱丁堡的路上她遭到了绑架。无论是否出于玛丽的自愿,当伯斯维尔和他的手下将她带回邓巴城堡时,她被伯斯维尔強暴了。5月6日,他们返回到爱丁堡,5月15日,在圣十字架宫,玛丽和伯斯维尔举行了新教仪式的婚礼。
贵族们都转而反对玛丽和伯斯维尔并起兵反叛。6月15日玛丽和伯斯维尔不得不退到卡伯里山上对抗贵族军队。战斗没有打响,玛丽以释放伯斯维尔的条件下答应了贵族的要求。但是贵族们没有信守他们的承诺并将她带到爱丁堡囚禁在列文湖城堡,这个城堡坐落在列文湖中央小岛上。从1567年7月18日到24日,玛丽怀的一对双胞胎在城堡里流产了。7月24日,她被迫退位并将王位传给只有一岁大的詹姆士。
亡命英格兰
1568年5月2日,玛丽从列文湖逃脱并再一次成功地招募了一支规模不大的军队。当她的军队于5月13日在兰塞德战役被击败后,三天之后玛丽逃往英格兰。迅即于5月19日,被伊丽莎白德军官囚禁在卡莱尔城堡,在囚禁期间,她说了那句名言:“In my end is my beginning”(我死即我生)。并将这句话镶嵌在她衣服的花边上。
在关于玛丽是否应该为谋杀达恩利负责的争论结束后,伊丽莎白决定对玛丽采取质询而不是审判来解决问题。1568年10月至1569年1月间,对玛丽的质询在约克实行。这场质询具有极强的政治色彩。伊丽莎白并不希望玛丽被判谋杀罪,而玛丽,因为她曾经受过教会的涂油礼,拒绝承认任何世俗审判的权威性。莫里伯爵詹姆士斯图尔特,最终负责对玛丽进行起诉,他同时也掌管玛丽缺位时的苏格兰,其主要任务是不让玛丽返回苏格兰并控制那些支持玛丽的苏格兰人民。
审判的重心逐渐转移到“首饰盒信件”一事上,詹姆士道格拉斯,第四世莫顿伯爵在爱丁堡一个雕有F字样的(据推断是法兰西斯二世)银盒里,发现了据称是玛丽写给伯斯维尔的八封信和许多其他文件,包括玛丽和伯斯维尔的结婚证明。法庭上玛丽被没有看到这些证物,也不能为自己辩护。她拒绝提交一份书面的抗辩词除非伊丽莎白宣判她无罪,显然,伊丽莎白不可能那么做。.
尽管质询方通过验证笔迹认定首饰盒信件为真迹。其中的内容也摆在那里,如果其中的内容是可信的话,这些都会成为玛丽有罪的证据。但质询方最后得出结论是没有足够的证据证明玛丽是有罪的。其实结果并不出人意料,唯一的结论就是这些都只不过为了取悦伊丽莎白。
后世诸多历史学家质疑“首饰盒信件”的真实性。但原件已于1584年失传了,众多的抄件散失在很多收藏家中但并没有形成完整的一套。玛丽质疑她的笔迹并不难于模仿,并经常流露出这些信札统统都是伪造的,有罪的段落是在质询前嵌入书信中的。或者这些信是其他人写给伯斯维尔的。通过写作风格的对比就能看出他们不是出自玛丽之手。
现在,无论何种方式都不可能证明这些信件的真假了。除了这些信件,并无其他证据可以控告玛丽。事后看来,很难证明涉及的主要当事人想去探清事情的真相。
伊丽莎白认为玛丽图谋染指英格兰的王位并对她造成了威胁。此后玛丽被她囚禁了十八年。其中大部分时间,玛丽被软禁在谢菲尔德城堡和谢菲尔德庄园。在乔治塔尔伯特,什鲁斯伯里六世伯爵和他可怕的夫人,哈德威克的贝斯的监视下。他们的女儿伊丽莎白卡文迪什嫁给了查尔斯斯图亚特(达恩利的兄弟)并育有一女,阿尔贝拉小姐。詹姆士赫伯恩则被囚禁在了丹麦,患上了精神病,最后死于1578年。当时也身陷囹圄,1580年,软禁玛丽的责任被转交到了阿米爱斯伯勒特手中。玛丽在他的关怀下度过了余生。
不管如何,1570年,法国查尔斯九世派代表劝说伊丽莎白许诺帮助玛丽重新获得她的王位,作为前提条件,玛丽要接受她仍不十分赞同的爱丁堡条约。不过,威廉塞西尔,一世伯利作为伊丽莎白的代表与玛丽协商。两位女王始终没有见过面。
莱道菲阴谋使得伊丽莎白不得不重新考虑如何处置玛丽。1572年,议会在女王的鼓励下,订立了一道禁止玛丽成为英格兰女王的法案(即“联合合约”),其目的在于预防任何可能在刺杀女王中得益的继位者。这道法案并不是法令,但数以千计的人在上面签字,包括玛丽自己。
处决
伊丽莎白再也不能容忍玛丽,因为她收到许多报告,有人阴谋谋害她本人而让玛丽取而代之(一些历史学家认为这些都是玛丽的敌人伪造的)。
玛丽斯图亚特于1587年2月8日在北安普敦郡佛斯里亨城堡被处极刑,罪名是被怀疑卷入阴谋,贝比通阴谋。企图刺杀伊丽莎白,行刑那天,玛丽身着红色,表明她是一个天主教殉教者。
行刑过程是很残酷的,一些人事后回忆说那天刽子手喝醉之后长喘三口大气才把玛丽的头砍下来,当第一斧头下去,据传她用喉咙喃喃作声说:“刽子手,做完你的事儿!”关于这场行刑有很多其他版本,但经久不衰延续至今的版本是:当刽子手拿着玛丽面容冷峻的头颅向在场的人展示的时候,这才发现玛丽戴了一个假发头套(戴着假发就像她平时那样)。刽子手抓着一束玛丽的毛发从而拎着她的头。却发现死去的女王的嘴还对着下面的祈祷者在动。另一个事件是躲在玛丽的小猎犬,躲在她的裙子里,当玛丽被处刑时因为痛苦而逃了出来。反复清洗几次才将粘在它毛发上的女主人的血迹清除。
玛丽最初被埋葬在彼得镇大教堂,但是她的遗体于1612年被她的儿子,英格兰国王詹姆士一世挖掘出来了,迁葬到威斯敏斯特教堂。现在仍在那儿,她的墓穴和她表姐伊丽莎白的只有30英尺(9米)之遥。
玛丽的遗物
玛丽死后被封为圣徒,跻身耶稣会殉难者之列,现存还有很多玛丽的遗物,她的祈祷书长期以来在法国展示,她的辩护书也已出版。在英语刊物中,她所做的十四行诗已经出版,在这本书里据说有她的亲笔。
一位著名的德国女演员,亨德尔席勒茨被玛丽的人生态度所感染并开始钦佩玛丽的为人,她在弗里德里希席勒一剧中饰演“玛利亚”在德国众多城镇中赢得一致好评。据称她所佩戴在脖子上的十字架挂件与不幸的玛丽女王所佩戴的及其相似。
在众多遗物中很少有确凿证据证明是玛丽女王曾经使用过的。但是还是有一些遗物被证实确实是女王曾经所有的。比如在行刑后覆盖在女王脸上的面纱。不知道是由于刽子手手忙脚乱还是当时环境的混乱,误伤了这位不幸女王的肩膀。这块面纱原本是J.C 希匹斯雷爵士所有,他声称他母亲是斯图亚特王朝的后代,1818年,在罗马,马提奥戴奥塔夫雕刻了一尊以他形象为蓝本的木雕,并将这尊木雕的复制品赠送给他的朋友。
面纱上金边闪烁的饰物据说是由玛丽女王亲手缝制的,整齐地挨个排列着,由此可以形成一个个小的方格。方形地边角镶金。边角相连。其上有金字绣成的一段话。
木雕上有一段题字,从另一方面证明了这件遗物的真实性,上面写着,这个面纱,是被驱逐了的斯图亚特王朝的传家之宝。 被这个家族最后的遗脉约克的天主教枢机主教,亨利本尼迪克特斯图亚特保存,多年以来,他将这件至宝保存在他个人的小礼拜堂里,其中还有诸多其他玛丽女王的遗物,他死后,将这些遗物,连同一本珍贵的古希腊历史学家普卢塔克著作,和一本精装印制的圣书抄本,还有一些在苏格兰玛丽女王时期铸造的金币,一并赠送给约翰希彼斯里爵士。
自1818年4月29日以后,这个木雕一直由教皇庇护七世收藏在他位于奎里纳尔山的宫殿内,先前当他住在罗马时曾与约克枢机相厚,当约克枢机和其他枢机于1798年移居威尼斯的时候,英国国王乔治四世,当时的威尔士亲王给予了那些因为法国大革命而生活窘迫的枢机主教一年4000英镑的养老金。
约克枢机想把这些他认为价值连城的玛丽女王的遗物赠送给那些给他们提供帮助的人作为报答。根据在这个木雕上的纸条上所说,这块面纱长为89英寸,43英寸宽,因而看上去更像是披肩或者围巾而非面纱。在梅尔维尔的记忆中,也是席勒读到的,所提到的属于女王的手帕在女王死前就被人拿走了,席勒还发现在这块面纱上所记录的由汉娜肯尼迪所做的一些著名的描述永别场面的句子。
"接受这块我亲手传递的手帕!
这块我在悲伤时刻为你亲手缝制的手帕
其中交织着我的热泪:
它让我永不瞑目。"
玛丽的遗产
有关玛丽女王生平的两部经典电影(两者都没有基于历史事实而是从故事中取材)分别是1936年拍摄的苏格兰的玛丽,由凯瑟琳赫伯恩和弗里德里克马歇出演,还有一部是1971年拍摄的玛丽:苏格兰女王(电影)。由瓦内莎里德格瑞夫(获得奥斯卡金像奖)和奈杰尔达文波特出演。
玛丽的事迹也引起了戏剧界的关注,多尼采蒂盖尔塔诺写作了以玛丽斯图亚特为名的歌剧。弗里德里克席勒写作了剧本玛利亚斯图亚特。诗人约瑟夫布罗德斯凯用俄语写作的写给玛丽斯图亚特的十四行诗获得了诺贝尔奖,使人将玛丽设定为一个对话者。同样,玛丽的事迹激励了麦克沃德弗里德写作了歌曲“致法国”。
玛丽的事迹也是小说家手里的好材料。不少小说以玛丽为原型写作,最近出版的包括:玛格丽特乔治:“苏格兰玛丽女王和不列颠岛:长篇故事”和吉恩布莱迪:“通往佛斯里亨的皇家路:苏格兰女王玛丽的故事”。在儿童文学方面,关于玛丽的小说包括:“傻女王:苏格兰女王玛丽”和学院派皇家日记选,由凯瑟琳拉斯基所做的:“苏格兰女王玛丽,没有土地的女王,法兰西和1553年”。
&&&
Mary II of England
Mary II
Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland
British Royalty
House of Stuart
Mary II (30 April 1662–28 December 1694) reigned as Queen of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 until her death, and as Queen of Scotland (as Mary II of Scotland) from 11 April 1689 until her death. Mary, a Protestant, came to the throne following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Catholic father, James II. Mary reigned jointly with her husband and first cousin, William III, who became the sole ruler upon her death. Popular histories usually know the joint reign as that of "William and Mary". Mary, although a sovereign in her own right, did not wield power during most of her reign. She did, however, govern the realm when her husband was abroad fighting wars.
Contents
1 Early life
2 The Glorious Revolution
3 Reign
4 Legacy
5 Style and arms
6 References
Early life
Mary, born in London, was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York (the future James II of England) and of his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde. Mary's uncle was King Charles II; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor. Although her parents bore eight children, only Mary and her younger sister Anne survived into adulthood.
The Duke of York converted to Roman Catholicism in 1668 or 1669, but Mary and Anne had a Protestant upbringing, pursuant to the command of Charles II. Mary's mother died in 1671; her father married again in 1673, taking as his second wife the Catholic Mary of Modena, also known as Mary Beatrice d'Este.
At the age of fifteen, Princess Mary became betrothed to the Protestant Stadtholder and Prince of Orange, William III. William was the son of her aunt, Mary, Princess Royal, and Prince William II of Nassau. At first, Charles II opposed the alliance with a Dutch ruler — he preferred that Mary marry the heir to the French Throne, the Dauphin Louis — but afterwards approved, as a coalition with the Dutch became more politically favourable. Pressured by Parliament, the Duke of York agreed to the marriage, falsely assuming that it would improve his popularity amongst Protestants. The first cousins Mary and William married in London on 4 November 1677.
Mary went to the Netherlands, where she lived with her husband. She did not enjoy a happy marriage; her three pregnancies ended in miscarriage or stillbirth. She became popular with the Dutch people, but her husband neglected or even mistreated her. William long maintained an affair with Elizabeth Villiers, one of Mary's ladies-in-waiting.
The Glorious Revolution
Upon the death of Charles II without legitimate issue in 1685, the Duke of York became King as James II in England and Ireland, and as James VII in Scotland. He had a controversial religious policy; his attempt to grant freedom of religion to non-Anglicans was not well-received, as the technique he chose was to annul acts of Parliament by royal decree. Several Protestant politicians and noblemen entered into negotiations with Mary's husband as early as 1687. After James took the suicidal step of forcing Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence—the proclamation granting religious liberty to dissenters—from their churches in May 1688, James's unpopularity soared. Public alarm increased when James's wife, Queen Mary, gave birth to a son—James Francis Edward—in June 1688, for the son would, unlike Mary and Anne, be raised a Roman Catholic. Some charged that the boy was "supposititious", having been secretly brought in as a substitute for the Queen's stillborn baby. Although there was no evidence to support the allegation, Mary publicly challenged the boy's legitimacy, leading to a breach with her father.
On 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly requested William III—then in the Netherlands with Mary—to come to England with an army. At first, William was reluctant; he was jealous of his wife's position as the heiress to the English Crown and feared that she would become more powerful than he was. Mary, however, convinced her husband that she cared not for political power. William agreed to invade; his intentions became public knowledge by September 1688, and the Dutch army landed on 5 November. The English people's confidence in James stood so low that they did not attempt to save their King. On 11 December, the defeated King attempted to flee, but was intercepted. A second attempt at flight (23 December) was successful.
In 1689, a Convention Parliament summoned by the Prince of Orange assembled, and much discussion relating to the appropriate course of action ensued. William of Orange felt insecure about his position; he wished to reign as a King, rather than function as a mere consort of a Queen. The only precedent for a joint monarchy dated from the sixteenth century: when Queen Mary I married the Spanish Prince Philip, it was agreed that the latter would take the title of King. But Philip II remained King only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, however, demanded that he remain King even after his wife's death. Although some prominent statesmen proposed to make her the sole ruler, Mary, remaining loyal to her husband, refused.
On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee on 11 December 1688, had abdicated the government of the realm, and that the Throne had thereby become vacant. Parliament offered the Crown not to James's eldest son, James Francis Edward (who would have been the heir-apparent under normal circumstances), but to William and Mary as joint Sovereigns. It was, however, provided that "the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives."
The Bishop of London, Henry Compton, crowned William and Mary together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury performs coronations, but the Archbishop at the time, William Sancroft, refused to recognise James II's removal. On the day of the coronation, the Convention of the Estates of Scotland — which was much more divided than the English Parliament — finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown; they accepted on 11 May.
Reign
In December 1689 Parliament passed one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights. This measure — which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right — established restrictions on the royal prerogative; it declared, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. The Bill of Rights also addressed the question of succession to the Throne.
Following the death of either William III or Mary II, the other was to continue to reign. Next in the line of succession would be any children of the couple, to be followed by Mary's sister Anne and her children. Last in the line of succession stood any children William III might have had from any subsequent marriage.
From 1690 onwards, William often remained absent from England, at first fighting Jacobites in Ireland. Whilst her husband was away, Mary administered the government of the realm. She proved a firm ruler, ordering the arrest of her own uncle, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, for plotting to restore James II to the throne. In 1692, she dismissed and imprisoned the influential John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough on similar charges; the dismissal somewhat diminished her popularity and harmed her relationship with her sister Anne.
William had crushed the Irish Jacobites by about 1692, but he continued to sojourn abroad in order to wage war with the King of France, Louis XIV. In general, William was away from the spring until the autumn of each year. When her husband was away, Mary acted in her own name but on his advice; whilst he was in England, Mary completely refrained from interfering in political matters. She did, however, participate in the affairs of the Church; she found herself especially concerned with ecclesiastical appointments. She died of smallpox in 1694. Upon her death, baroque composer Henry Purcell of England was commissioned to write her funeral music, titled Music on the Death of Queen Mary. The ominous March (catalogued as Z860 A) has subsequently been used in other mediums such as the main theme in the movie A Clockwork Orange.
Legacy
After Mary II's death, William III continued to rule as king. Princess Anne's last surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died in July 1700, and, as it was clear that William III would have no more children, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which provided that the Crown would go to the nearest Protestant relative, Sophia, Electress of Hanover and her Protestant heirs. When William III died in 1702, he was succeeded by Anne, who was in turn succeeded by the deceased Electress Sophia's son, George I.
Mary endowed the College of William and Mary (in the present day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693. She also founded the Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich.
The townland of Portlaoise, Co. Laois, Ireland, which used to be known as Maryborough, was named after her.
Style and arms
The joint style of William III and Mary II was "William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc." when they ascended the Throne. (The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) From 11 April 1689 — when the Estates of Scotland recognised them as Sovereigns — the royal couple used the style "William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.".
The arms used by the King and Queen were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon Azure billetty and a lion rampant Or.
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 05/11/2006
del.
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 05/11/2006
This two should be reversed.
English monarchies religion affiliations are very interesting... they seem to always go against those of their parents.
Thanks for the efforts.
xw wrote:
英格兰君主表
斯图亚特王朝复辟
House of Stewart
詹姆斯二世 King James II
(1660-85)
查理二世 King Chales II
(1685-8) - posted on 05/12/2006
Since my engine of 3-8-ness is turned on...
British Monarchy's relations to 9 other European Monarchies:
Norway: descendents of Princess Maud of Wales, the daughter of King Edward VII (the paternal great-grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II).
Danmark/Sweden: King Edward VII's wife is Princess Alexandra of Denmark, whose brother is the King Frederick VIII of Denmark (his descendents are the current Danish monarchies), who is married to Princess Lovisa of Sweden (whose brother is the ancestor of current Swedish monarchy), and their son (who is married to Princess Maud of Wales) became the King of Norway when Sweden and Norway are separated in 1905.
This is worse than GRE. Maybe I can link all of the 10 European Monarchies by blood... - Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 05/12/2006
Thanks for the correction, Susan.
Here I post three pictures, which I like about those Maries:
Blood Mary, Mary I, Mary Tudor
My end is my beginning... Mary Stuart
Marry II, Sad queen. - posted on 05/12/2006
Ok, I found a fast track: Line of succession to the British Throne. (Any number before 510 is the decendent of Queen Victoria)
King of Norway is the 60th in line.
King of Sweden is the 187th in line.
Queen of Denmark is the 213th in line.
Queen of Netherland is the 834th in line.
If the following are not Catholic, they could also be in the line of succession: (a law around William & Mary and Queen Anne era banned Catholics from the throne)
King of Spain: around 500 in line.
King of Belgium: (about 1100th)
Grand Duke of Luxembourg: (about 1120th)
From Wikipedia.
That covers 8 out of 10 remaining European monarchy systems. Missing those in Liechtenstein and Monaco.
Monaco doesn't seem to have a lineage by blood, but the princess of Monaco's husband is the decendent of Queen Victoria.
Their daughter, the current No. 5 in line to the Monegasque Throne is also No. 407 to the British Throne.
The wife of Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein (and therefore their children) has a lineage to the House of Stuwart (the one that Williams and Mary belonged to and helped to end).
God I need to get a life.
Susan wrote:
Since my engine of 3-8-ness is turned on...
British Monarchy's relations to 9 other European Monarchies: - posted on 05/12/2006
Victoria was the first known carrier of haemophilia (a blood disease) in the royal line, but it is unclear how she acquired it. ...
Though she did not suffer from the disease, she passed it on to Princess Alice and Princess Beatrice as carriers, and Prince Leopold was affected with the disease. The most famous haemophilia victim among her descendants was her great-grandson, Alexei, Tsarevich of Russia.
However, Victoria's line of haemophilia has now probably been eliminated. There could still be a surviving branch in the royal family of Spain, but as of 2005, the disease has not surfaced.
As of 2005, the European monarchs and former monarchs descended from Victoria are: the Queen of the United Kingdom, the King of Norway, the King of Sweden, the Queen of Denmark, the King of Spain, the King of the Hellenes (deposed) and the King of Romania (deposed). The pretenders to the thrones of Serbia, Russia, Prussia and Germany, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Hanover, Hesse, and Baden are also descendants.
- posted on 05/13/2006
Susan wrote:
Ok, I found a fast track: Line of succession to the British Throne. (Any number before 510 is the decendent of Queen Victoria)
King of Norway is the 60th in line.
King of Sweden is the 187th in line.
Queen of Denmark is the 213th in line.
Queen of Netherland is the 834th in line.
If the following are not Catholic, they could also be in the line of succession: (a law around William & Mary and Queen Anne era banned Catholics from the throne)
King of Spain: around 500 in line.
King of Belgium: (about 1100th)
Grand Duke of Luxembourg: (about 1120th)
From Wikipedia.
This is very interesting, lawyer thinking ? Any small mistake
will break the line :(
I'll list two Scholar Kings.
- posted on 05/13/2006
Henry VI, reigned 1422-1471
Born in 1421, king from 1422, Henry grew up deeply religious and not in
the least warlike. He was a kind, gentle man, terrified of girls. He
once saw the body of a traitor, quartered on a stake, and ordered that
nobody was ever to be treated like that again in his name.
But Henry was far too feeble to be a king. His French grandfather had
been mentally ill, and so was Henry from 1454. The French refused to
accept him as their monarch. In England, the Duke of York claimed the
crown for himself in 1455. The worst of the Wars of the Roses followed
, during which Henry saw frequent periods of captivity. His people
looked to him for leadership, but were always disappointed. He was
finally murdered by York's son in 1471, leaving behind Eton College,
King's college, Cambridge as his only memorials.
James I, reigned 1603 - 1625
Descended from Henry VII, James VI of Scotland became James I of
England when his cousin Elizabeth died in 1603. He was born in 1566
, three months after his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, had seen her
Italian musician Riccio stabbed to death at dinner. His father, Lord
Darnley, was murdered a few months later, and after he was a year old
James never saw his mother again.
He grew up believing that kings were appointed by God and had a divine
right to rule. This brought him into conflict with the English
Parliament, which distrusted his judgment on a variety of issues. Guy
Fawkes (a Catholic) tried to blow them all up in the Gunpowder Plot of
1605. James authorized the translation of the Bible into English in
1611, and nine years later the Mayflower pilgrims left for America.
James died in 1625.
(this king picture is my favorite, kind of el greco, but for the
pictured king. it was drawn by Daniel Mytens, 1621)
- posted on 05/13/2006
1830 - Donizetti "Anna Bolena"
1834 - Donizetti "Maria Stuarda"
1837 - Donizetti "Roberto Devereux"
1) Donizetti "Anna Bolena"
都铎王朝的第二代国王亨利八世 (Henry VIII, 1509-1547),年青时极其多才多艺,
但也是一个好大喜功、豪华奢侈、残忍暴烈、性格乖戾又狡诈多疑,Sir. Walter
Raleigh 曾经这样说到他: "如果世上所有残暴君主的本质或外型都消失,我们仍可
以由亨利八世的故事还原出来",亨利八世残暴乖戾,接位第二天,就将亨利七世主
要两位税赋官关进伦敦塔,十六个月后以莫须有罪名处决,随后他又处决了三位主
教、一位公爵、许多伯爵和一位伯爵夫人,而且处决了两个妻子 (安妮.博林与凯
琵林.霍德华)。
亨利八世在他统治的前半期只有一名合法的妻子凯瑟琳王后,凯瑟琳 (Catherine
of Aragon) 是西班牙阿拉贡国王斐迪南二世的女儿,原来嫁给亨利七世的长子 (亨
利八世的长兄亚瑟),但婚后第二年,亚瑟便死了。为保持与西班牙的联姻,老国王
临终时为她与亨通八世订下婚约,凯瑟琳为亨利八世生下两个儿子都早夭折,亨利
八世极想有一位合法的子嗣,这就是故事的缘起,这期间,他身边出现过至少两名
情妇,第一位是伊丽莎白?布朗特,她是皇宫宫女,并为亨利生了一名私生子,也取
名亨利,其二是玛丽?博林,传闻她的长子威廉正是亨利八世的亲生儿子。不过,她
们的出现并没能威胁凯瑟琳的地位,而只有安妮?博林在亨利八世的面前出现后,才
在英格兰引起轩然大波,更直接导致英格兰宗教改革的发生 (注: 前文已提到克伦
威尔于 1529 年进入国会,主张英格兰教会与罗马教庭脱离,1534 年,英国国会通
过 "至尊法案",由国王代替教皇成为英国圣公会的首脑)。
Anne Boleyn (1507-1536)
安妮*博林是廷臣托玛斯?博林爵士与伊丽莎白.霍华德郡主所生的次女,她是诺佛
克公爵的外甥。亨利的情妇玛丽?博林正是她的长姊。她的生年不详,大约是在十六
世纪初左右。
当安妮十二岁时,她成了法王路易十二王后玛丽 (亨利七世的女儿) 的侍女,后来
法王逝世,玛丽回到英格兰,安妮则继续随侍新王后。在法国宫廷里,安妮变成了
一个与众不同、精通法语的宫廷女子,使她自 1522 年回国成为王后凯瑟琳的侍女
后吸引了英格兰王宫中众人的目光。
最初,安妮与一位年轻的廷臣托玛斯?珀西相恋,可是,托玛斯?珀西早已遵照父亲
的安排订亲了。当托玛斯?珀西的父亲获悉安妮与他儿子的秘密关系时,他立刻禁止
托玛斯与安妮见面。结果,托玛斯?珀西按照最初安排与另一女子成婚,安妮?博林
怀恨在心,忘不了托玛斯?珀西的背叛,有一段时间安妮曾离开英格兰王宫。但在
1526 年好再度入宫,同时,正为儿子一事而苦恼的亨利八世看上了这个活泼动人而
且充满异国风情的宫廷女子。
亨利追求安妮并要她作他的情妇,可是,安妮既不愿重蹈亲姊玛丽最后被抛弃的覆
辙,她深知若要成功击倒凯瑟琳登上英格兰王后之位,必须拒绝亨利,激发他离婚
另娶的决心,由于亨利对安妮迷恋不已,加上他急须名正言顺的子嗣,而年轻的安
妮正好适合为他诞下儿子,所以,他致力寻求终止与凯瑟琳的夫妻关系,可是由于
凯瑟琳不肯让步同时寻求她的侄甥、神圣罗马帝国查理五世的协助,而教廷亦不同
意亨利离婚的请求,结果这件离婚案一直拖延至 1532 年安妮怀孕之时。
最初亨利还没下定决心离婚,安妮?博林坚决不愿与亨利同寝。可是到后来局势僵持
时,安妮对王后位置已是志在必得,她亦同意与亨利同床。所以,当安妮怀孕时,
亨利已立定决心废后--即使废后的代价是被教宗逐出天主教会。1533 年 1 月 25
日,亨利与安妮?博林举行了秘密婚礼,同年五月,亨利委任的克伦摩大主教宣布亨
利与凯瑟琳的婚姻无效,只有与安妮?博林的秘密婚约才是合法的。那时候,安妮已
怀有五个月身孕。六月,安妮在西敏寺正式加冕封后。
当时的大臣群众都倾向于拥戴凯瑟琳王后,所以对新王后都不能苟同,可是他们也
希望安妮能为都铎家族带来一名王子。亨利与安妮,甚至是当时的医生、占星家也
深信,这次怀上的必定是一个男孩,所以,连名字也早拟好了,准备为即将降生的
王子命名为亨利--都铎王室最常用的男孩名字之一。同年九月七日,安妮王后为亨
利诞下新王室成员,但大家都预料错了,这是一名女儿,亨利与安妮虽然很失望,
但仍为新生儿的来临感到高兴,他们为这位公主取名伊丽莎白,就是后来的,但亨
利八世也因而开始厌弃安妮。
1536 年 1 月,凯瑟琳病逝,这时安妮又怀孕了。本来王后怀孕该是值得高兴的事,
可是不久安妮流产了,安妮对外宣称是因为有一次看见亨利堕马受伤感到恐惧而流
产,事实却是,安妮在凯瑟琳的葬礼上看到自己的侍女简?西摩尔 (Jane Seymour)
坐在亨利的膝上。至此,安妮当王后的日子不多了。
1536 年 5 月,亨利下令递捕安妮王后,控告她与五名男子通奸,其中包括安妮的
亲兄长乔治?博林,甚至于批评的言论说到她左手有六个手指的女巫身份。安妮王后
至此知道,就算她如何求情也不会获得亨利的赦免,因为这一切都是亨利策划的,
只有王后被处死,他才能另娶女子以诞育王子。终于在五月十九日,安妮王后于伦
敦塔被处死,结束她曾经辉煌的一生。
2) Donizetti "Roberto Devereux"
这是 Donizetti 描述英国女王 Elizabeth I(伊莉莎白一世)不算年轻时代的故事,
Robert Devereux 就是埃塞克斯 ( 2nd Earl of Essex,1566-1601,本名 Robert
Devereux),他是标准英国军人、宫廷大臣,Elizabeth 一世的宠臣,后来被判因反
判罪而处决,Donizetti 歌剧的剧情改编为 Essex 爱上宫廷内别的女人 (Nottingham
公爵的老婆 Sara),伊丽莎白极为生气,又因传出叛变而判决死刑
事实上,伊莉莎白一世是 Henry VIII(亨利八世)和第二任妻子 Anne Boleyn(后
来被他送上断头台)的女儿,小时候同父异母的姊姊 Mary I(玛丽一世,也就是
「血腥玛丽」)当政,因此不断遭到政治迫害。Mary 死后, Elizabeth 当上女王,
许多从前 Mary 的亲信想联合苏格兰女王推翻她,但拥护的她的大臣也帮助她巩固
地位,并逐一暗杀反对她的人。许多人希望她能藉由联姻向强国结盟,Elizabeth
十分犹疑,她不知道应该嫁给青梅竹马的恋人 Robert Dudley,还是应该选择政治
婚姻。最后她发现 Robert 早就背着她结了婚,她自己也不想步上姊姊 Mary 的后
尘,于是选择不婚,靠着自己的力量使英国富强。也因为她一辈子单身,后世很多
人称她为 Virgin Queen(处女女王)
Elizabeth I of England (伊丽莎白一世) 是英格兰历代最伟大的君主之一,她在
位 45 年,除了私生活有些议论,她是受英国人相当景仰的女王,被称为经济、文
化、军事空前发展的 "伊丽莎白时代",由于考虑与他国联姻可能会导致战争,伊丽
莎白一直不肯结婚,但她却是一个喜欢与男人交往的女王,到了老年,热情都一直
不减,最为人知的风流韵事,包括与大法官 Sir Christopher Hatton、青梅竹马的
恋人 Robert Dudley 伯爵、Essex 伯爵 (就是本出戏主角 Robert Devereux)、以
及 Sir Walter Raleigh (后来被关进伦敦塔,并写下一本 "世界历史"),一幕幕男
女恋慕与君臣权力交织成所谓被称号是 "处女女王" 的笑话
2nd Earl of Essex (本名 Robert Devereux) 是伊丽莎白一名老臣的儿子,小伊丽
莎白 34 岁,女王在他孩提时代就认识他,所以常叫女王为姑奶奶,伊丽莎白很喜
欢他,1587 年,Essex 任女王的侍从长,伊丽莎白女王已经是 53 岁,Essex 却是
刚满廿岁的青春少年兄,身材颀长,金皮披肩,风度翩翩,或可媲美金童贝克汉也
说不定,伊丽莎白很快就喜欢这位年稚鲜嫩的幼齿少年,经常一起到各处公园散步,
到伦敦郊外的森林骑马,晚上都也常一起聊天、打牌、听音乐会,这就是 Essex 与
Walter Raleigh (当时警卫队长)互相结怨嫉恨的开始,两个情敌相差 14 岁,都
常在伊丽莎白面前说对方坏话,伊丽莎白维护 Raleigh 而导致 Essex 与女王争吵,
一气之下,Essex 决意要远渡重洋去参加支援荷兰的战争,伊丽莎白派人追他回来,
两人重归和好,但也因此让这个年轻人更加趾高气扬,终于两人关系后来愈加争执,
到不可收拾的地步...
话说有一次,为了任命爱尔兰总督的人选,枢密院会议,女王决定由 Essex 舅父
(Sir Willian Norris) 出任,Essex 不愿因而失去他舅父在宫廷里能给他的支援,
不同意他舅父离开,同时为了赶走政敌 (Sir Geogre Carew),他提议 Carew 为另
外人选 ,女王不同意,最后仍然决定由他舅父出任,终于两人意见弄僵,Essex 态
度轻蔑而恶劣,伊丽莎白打了 Essex 耳光,Essex 一手握住佩剑,状似危急,伊丽
莎白却狭滑地没有立即惩治这个傲慢的年青人,Essex 后来还是回头向伊丽莎白请
求效命,但勃溪已起....
1599 年,Essex 任爱尔兰代表,因调度无方,被叛军打败,与对手订下一项屈辱条
约,而且违反女王命令,擅自回国,不遵循君臣礼节,不通报闯入女王卧室,1600
年,终于被撤除所有职务,原先赏赐给他的葡萄酒税收也一并收归,这期间,Essex
仍天真地给伊丽莎白写信,但没有效果,Essex 终于带领 300 部属,在 1601 年
2 月 8 日发动伦敦民众叛变,失败而无条件投降,随后即被关进伦敦塔,2 月 19
日被判死刑,伊丽莎白曾一再推迟他死刑的执行,最后依 Essex 的意愿,没有在公
开场合执行处决,但当时,Walter Raleigh 也正被关禁在伦敦塔内,而且亲眼目睹
他昔日政敌被处死的整个过程,17 年后,Raleigh 也步入同样命运
(Meyerbeer/Robert le Diable, another opera)
3) Donizetti "Maria Stuarda"
上文提到的这个胆敢捋虎须挑战玛丽女王权威的宗教改革者约翰.诺克斯 (John Knox),
玛丽女王的下台有一半导因于这位宗教改革者的掣肘玛丽皇后,传说西元一一二八
年,大卫一世在皇家哩路尽头狩猎时遭遇一只负□顽抗的大鹿攻击,幸赖上帝及时
化身解围,国王为感念上帝的眷顾,乃在此地兴建圣十字教堂。这出大鹿神迹传奇
谢幕后,一五?一年詹姆斯四世把这里改建为皇宫,并在六?年后上演另一部爱欲情
仇的宫庭惊悚剧,Donizetti "Maria Stuarda" 的英宫恨部份剧情可能是虚构 (譬
如说伊丽莎白一世与玛丽在 Fotheringhay Castle 的会面,以及玛丽宣称没谋杀亲
夫),但可能真实私的故事内容简述如下...
苏格兰史上有 "悲剧女王" 之称的玛丽.斯图亚特(Mary Stuart),在西元一五四
二年出生后的第六天,便掀开了她多乖命运的一页,父王詹姆斯五世猝然驾崩。从
此之后,厄运便如影随形的陪她走完悲剧的一生,玛丽十六岁嫁给法国王储法兰西
斯,翌年成为皇后,但两年后法兰西斯亦告崩殂。一五六一年文君新寡的玛丽返回
正值宗教革命与绝对君权纠缠不休的苏格兰,展开生命中最为惊心动魄的女王之旅。
登基承袭王位后玛丽流连忘返于华丽的圣十字宫,继续追求在法国的豪华宫廷生活,
并嫁给年轻的达恩利伯爵 (Lord Darnley),这个选择是一场灾难的开始。达恩利在
婚后对王位渐生觊觎之心,加以难忍玛丽与秘书大卫李吉欧 (David Rizzio) 的暗
通款曲,乃当着玛丽面前手刃李吉欧,一来发泄心头之恨,二来意图让玛丽腹中的
王位继承人流产,但他们的儿子詹姆斯六世命大,三个月后仍安然出生。半年后达
恩利死于一场爆炸,三个月后玛丽在丈夫尸骨未寒下又嫁给参与谋杀其夫并诱奸她
的博斯威尔伯爵 (Earl of Bothwell),朝中大臣和宗教领袖终于忍无可忍,于一五
六七年拘捕玛丽摘下皇冠,囚于利文湖古堡 (Loch Leven),而另立其子为王,博斯
威尔则死于狱中。一年后玛丽虽然逃往英格兰投靠伊丽莎白一世,但仍被女王囚禁
十九年,最后女王为彻底拔除这根芒刺,于一五八五年以谋反罪名下诏,将她处死
于佛斯林费堡 (Fotheringhay Castle),结束四十四年既浪漫又坎坷的一生。
佛斯林费堡 (Fotheringhay)
历史上,这个地名最早被提到是在公元 1060 年,而且它也在 1086 年地籍簿 (Domesday
Book) 上被记载着 "Fodringeia",而后,经过不少人经管,它成为 Edward III 的
领地,并经过他儿子 Edmund Langley 及孙子 Edward Langley 继承,一直到 1415
年 Edward Langley 在 Agincourt 被杀为止 (Agincourt 是法国北部阿拉斯西北西
村庄,1415 年 10 月 25 日,英王亨利五世的军队装备大弓在此村庄重创法国强盛
封建盔甲武士)
=====
Will add more about Donizetti's "Maria Stuarda"
- posted on 05/13/2006
Maria Stuarda
Music by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Giuseppe Bardari
Cast includes:
Elizabeth I of England
Mary Stuart
Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester
Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
Cecil, Lord Burleigh
Hanna Kennedy
Synopsis
Act I: The French ambassador is at Westminster negotiating a marriage proposal from the King of France with Queen Elizabeth, a proposal she is considering although she's secretly in love with Leicester who is currently not at court. Elizabeth has had her cousin Mary Stuart imprisoned in Fotheringay Castle. Talbot, who is in charge of Mary, tries to intercede with Elizabeth on her behalf. The Queen is torn between sympathy for Mary and fear that she is plotting against her. Leicester arrives and she gives him a ring to take to the French Ambassador as a token of her acceptance of the offer of marriage, but is incensed when Leicester seems unmoved by the commission. Privately Talbot gives Leicester a portrait of Mary and a letter from her. Leicester resolves to free the woman he loves. He gives Elizabeth the letter, which is a plea for a meeting with her, and he urges her to consent, pointing out that she can use a hunting party in the vicinity of Fotheringay as a pretext. His enthusiasm for her rival's cause reminds Elizabethof Mary's attempts on the English throne and when Leicester describes Mary's charms, the Queen realises where his loyalties lay.
Act II: Mary walks in the grounds of Fotheringay, remembering the happy days of her youth in France. She hears the approaching royal hunt and regrets having asked Elizabeth for a meeting, but, supported by Leicester, she agrees to stay and face her. Elizabeth also views the occasion with mixed feelings, on the one hand rejecting Cecil's urgings that she executes Mary and on the other enraged by Leicester's arguing her rival's case. Mary humbles herself to ask for clemency. But Elizabeth's references to Mary's murdered husband and aspersions on her honour provoke Mary into taunting Elizabeth with being a bastard. Furious, Elizabeth advises her to expect her death sentence, but Mary exults in her temporary triumph.
Act III: Back at Westminster Elizabeth hesitates to sign the death warrant, despite the urgings of Cecil that her safety and that of the realm depend on Mary's death. Only Leicester's arrival provokes her into signing.
At Fotheringham Mary is still exultant over her humiliation of Elizabeth, though fearing for Leicester. Cecil brings the death warrant. She refuses his offer of a priest, but admits to Talbot that she is oppressed by the recollection of her sins. She confesses to being party to the murder of her husband, Darnley, and also seems to admit complicity in the Babington plot.
Next to the execution chamber Mary's friends lament her fate, and she, facing death calmly, tries to comfort them and give them strength. As the cannon sounds the signal for her execution, Cecil asks for her last requests. She forgives Elizabeth and prays for a blessing on her and the kingdom. She tries to calm Leicester and hopes that her innocent blood will placate the wrath of Heaven. She goes resolutely to her death as her friends grieve over her fate.
=====
the Opera is after the play Maria Stuart by Fridrich von Schiller.
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 05/13/2006
XW贴的帖子都好棒啊!维基百科在国内被封锁了,想查点有质量的资料都难。谢谢XW的帖子! - Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/16/2007
刚看了号称九天女王的Lady Jane Grey 的故事。她绝顶聪明,但自幼被母亲当政治
工具利用,试图让她取代血腥玛利做英国女王,在位九天即被推翻。被砍头时年仅
16岁。
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/16/2007
susan MM,有部电影叫Jane的,就是有关她的,蛮好看。喜欢里面的那个帅哥。
Susan wrote:
刚看了号称九天女王的Lady Jane Grey 的故事。她绝顶聪明,但自幼被母亲当政治
工具利用,试图让她取代血腥玛利做英国女王,在位九天即被推翻。被砍头时年仅
16岁。
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/16/2007
谢玛雅!现在就去借来看。
女孩子一定要有个好妈,或者至少有一些好的女性亲属。这点上张爱玲还算幸运。
玛雅 wrote:
susan MM,有部电影叫Jane的,就是有关她的,蛮好看。喜欢里面的那个帅哥。 - Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/16/2007
最近邮购了这本书:
Dynasties of the World: A Chronological and Genealogical Handbook (Oxford Paperback Reference)
虽然不喜欢帝王们,但没法子,只能把帝王们当作历代电线杆派用场。对横竖看历史有帮助。 - Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/17/2007
请问XW,《勇敢的心》里的暴君长腿是完全虚构的,还是历史上确有其人? - posted on 03/18/2007
守望古典 wrote:
请问XW,《勇敢的心》里的暴君长腿是完全虚构的,还是历史上确有其人?
Braveheart? Mel Gibson, William Wallace.
这暴君我还真不知道呢?要说华莱士,那可是真的,朋斯有诗:
Scots Wha Ha'e
'Scots, wha hae wi' Wallace bled,
Scots, wham Bruce has aften led,
Welcome tae your gory bed,
Or tae Victorie!
'Now's the day, and now's the hour:
See the front o' battle lour,
See approach proud Edward's power -
Chains and Slaverie!
'Wha will be a traitor knave?
Wha will fill a coward's grave?
Wha sae base as be a slave?
Let him turn and flee!
'Wha, for Scotland's king and law,
Freedom's sword will strongly draw,
Freeman stand, or Freeman fa',
Let him on wi' me!
'By Oppression's woes and pains!
By your sons in servile chains!
We will drain our dearest veins,
But they shall be free!
'Lay the proud usurpers low!
Tyrants fall in every foe!
Liberty's in every blow! -
Let us do or dee!'
====
I almost forgot it. Is the tyrant Edward II ?
My little book says:
Edward II, reigned 1307-1327
Few kings have been sillier or less suited to the throne than Edward.
Born in 1284, he always preferred the company of workmen to
courtiers and was not in the least interested in statecraft or
the responsibilities of kingship. It was a disaster for the country
when he succeeded to the throne in 1307.
Although married to Isabella of France, Edward spent far more
time with his handsome friend Piers Gaveston, a French adventurer who
milked the royal connection for all it as worth. But rival barons executed
Gaveston and his successor as royal favourite, Hugh Despenbser.
Matters eventually came to such a pass that Isabella and her lover
Roger Mortimer imprisoned Edward in Berkeley Castle. He was murdered
there in 1327 -- skewered with a red-hot spitting iron -- and his
son was declared king in his place.
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 03/18/2007
没看过Braveheart,想是这个:
爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank) "长脚王"
(1272-1307) - posted on 03/18/2007
In 1280 A.D. King Edward "Longshanks" I has annexed Scotland as part of England. The nobles of Scotland resisted, but were too divided amongst themselves to overcome the English. Longshanks calls for talks of truce, but instead sets a trap for all the nobles in attendance. Malcolm Wallace, a farmer, and his two sons, John and William, arrive late and come upon the bodies of the nobles hung from the rafters. This event haunts William for the rest of his life. The next day, Malcolm and John leave William home so they can go fight the English. William waits for their return all night. The clan arrives the next morning with their dead bodies. At the funeral for his father and brother, William is given a thistle by young Murron. William is adopted by his Uncle Argyle, who promises that if William is diligent in first becoming educated, he will in return train him to fight.
Many years later, Longshanks's son, Prince Edward II, depicted as effetely ineffectual, is married off to Isabelle, daughter of the King of France, who is at war with England. Concerned that the French may ally themselves with the still rebellious Scots, Longshanks imposes increasingly harsh laws on the Scots. In Edinburgh, the remaining Scottish nobles discuss the situation, but don't seem to have the will or moral courage to band together to fight England. Among the nobles is Robert, the seventeenth Earl of Bruce (known as Robert the Bruce, or simply "the Bruce"), considered the rightful heir to the Scottish throne (though opposed by other nobles). The Bruce's father is thought to be in France, but in reality is in hiding and suffering from leprosy, and continues to counsel his son on the best way to one day rule Scotland. The Bruce is clearly popular with both noble and commoner, but does not have the courage to ignore the self-interested plotting of his father.
The Scots continue to live under the thumb of Longshanks, with English troops enforcing cruel laws throughout Scotland, including the reinstitution of prima nocta. Wallace, returns to Scotland with the intention of living on his father's lands and becoming a farmer. He secretly proposes to Murron after showing her the thistle she gave him many years earlier and voicing his long-standing love for her, He tells the other men that he means to refrain from joining the still-simmering Scottish rebellion against England, and raise a family.
After Wallace attacks some English troops intending to rape Murron, she is executed by the local Sheriff. Wallace returns, presumably to surrender. Instead, he brazenly attacks the soldiers. Inspired by the sight, the other Scots join William and easily overrun the garrison. William executes the English Lord in the same manner as Murron, and notices Murron's small needlepoint of a thistle on the ground and carries it with him. As the fighting ends, the Scots turn to Wallace to lead them.
News of the rebellion spreads quickly, and hundreds of Scots from the surrounding regions volunteer to join Wallace's militia. They launch attacks all over the Highland regions, slaughtering the outnumbered English soldiers and drawing new recruits with each victory. Amongst these is Stephen of Ireland (David O'Hara), who thwarts an assassination attempt on Wallace. In England, Longshanks departs to attend to the war in France, and instructs Prince Edward to deal with the rebellion. Meanwhile, the rebellion grows. The Bruce is advised by his father to to privately support the rebellion in the Highlands, but to officially oppose it in order to gain English favor. The Bruce is inspired by Wallace's patriotism but is swayed by his father's advice.
Though they win further skirmishes, Wallace and his lieutenants realize it is only a matter of time before the English send a fully-equipped army to confront them. Knowing that they will be outnumbered, Wallace makes plans to address the overwhelming strength of the English cavalry. As expected, an English army masses near the village of Stirling. News of an impending full-scale war spreads and Scots from the Highlands come to join Wallace by the thousands.
Before the battle, Scottish Lords Lochlan, Moray, and Craig insist that Wallace accept their command over the ragtag Scottish army; he ignores them and instead takes command of the entire army. In a meeting of parlance between the English and Scots, Wallace ignores the promise of lands and title and deliberately provokes the English envoy who abruptly leave. The Scottish army is frightened by the English forces that seemingly outmatch them, but Wallace summons their courage and devotion before the battle by challenging them to take this opportunity to fight for freedom. Roused, the Scottish soldiers moon and jeer at the English army
Insulted by Wallace's behavior, the English commander sends his cavalry in attack, but Wallace's chiltrons utterly decimates them. The English commander sends his full army in after them, and is likewise decimated in brutal combat. Following the battle, Wallace is knighted by the nobles, but still refuses to take orders from them since he believes that they are more concerned with their own self-serving interests and wealth. Wallace privately tells Robert the Bruce that he knows that only the Bruce has the strength and authority to truly unite Scotland against the English, and that he would follow him. The Bruce is deeply moved, but conflicted between his desire to join Wallace and his loyalty to his still-scheming father.
Wallace orders his army to invade England to destroy the English threat once and for all. The nobles, including the Bruce, refuse to support him, but the Scottish army is loyal to Wallace. They attack and destroy the northern English city of York, killing the Duke of York, Longshanks' nephew.
Returning from France, Longshanks confronts his son over the annihilation of the English northern army and the sacking of York. In a rage, he also kills his son's gay lover, throwing him from a high window. Fearful of a Scottish attack on lower England, Longshanks decides to stall for time by pressing for a truce. As emissary, he sends Princess Isabelle to a peace conference near York. Wallace surprises the English, and the princess in particular, by presenting himself as reasonable, educated, and moral. The Princess reveals that she knows that Wallace fights in part out of revenge for the killing of Murron, and secures a pledge from Wallace that he will not attack English cities if Longshanks agrees to meet him for a final battle. The Princess, being married to the disinterested Prince Edward, is also clearly moved by the passion Wallace has for his deceased wife.
Returning to court, the princess notifies Longshanks of Wallace's pledge, but is horrified when she learns that the peace conference was just a ruse; Longshanks has been setting a trap for Wallace and his army all along. Betraying her king, the princess secretly alerts Wallace. Wallace mobilizes his army near Falkirk, with only Lochlan and Moray providing support. The Bruce, still being counseled by his dying father, pledges support but fails to appear for the battle. As the battle ensues, Wallace's clever tactics again neutralize the English numerical advantage; however, at a critical moment both Lochlan and Moray abandon Wallace and his men, and it is revealed that they have been bribed by the English to betray him. Wallace's army is almost wiped out, and Wallace himself is seriously injured. Despite being wounded he continues to fight on, pursuing and attacking an English knight protecting Longshanks. Removing the knight's helmet to cut his throat, Wallace discovers the knight is the Bruce himself. Shattered by the betrayal of his own countrymen, Wallace lays down to die or be captured. The Bruce is overcome by the reality of what he has done to his country, and helps to rescue Wallace before English troops can capture him. He later confronts his father and tells him that he will never betray Wallace again.
Wallace goes into hiding, fighting a guerilla war against England. He executes Moray and Lochlan for their betrayals. Craig and the remaining nobles, whose only true concern is to preserve stability so that they can prosper (with the exception of the Bruce), now consider Wallace to be a greater threat to them than England. However, Wallace has become the most revered man in Scotland and is untouchable. After an assassination attempt set up by Longshanks, again under the premise of a peace conference with the Princess, Wallace meets with the princess alone and they spend a passionate night together.
To break the stalemate, the nobles offer Wallace a chance for them to all unite to fight the English. Wallace and his men suspect it's a trap, but Wallace agrees when the Bruce pledges support. Wallace rides out to Edinburgh alone, but, as feared, Craig and the others have once again betrayed Wallace and he is arrested by English soldiers. The Bruce, clearly was not involved in the betrayal, realizes that his father has gone over his head and arranged the trap.
In London, Wallace is tried before the English magistrates and found guilty of treason. He is given the choice of admitting his guilt and being executed quickly or facing horrific torture. Wallace refuses, and is led away. Princess Isabelle, meanwhile, appeals to Longshanks, who is now dying of what appears to be tuberculosis, to show mercy, but he refuses. Realizing that the disease now prevents Longshanks from communicating, she whispers to him that she is pregnant with a baby whose father is not Prince Edward. She also swears that she will kill the prince at the first chance she gets, and Longshanks dies knowing that his line of succession will not continue.
Wallace is brutally tortured to death in a London square, being eviscerated alive. Despite the agony, he refuses to declare his guilt, cry for mercy, or even cry out in pain. The ordeal is sufficiently brutal for the crowd to call out for mercy. Wallace uses every last ounce of strength in his ravaged body to shout the word "freedom."
Some time after Wallace's beheading, Robert the Bruce is standing before the remaining Scottish army, facing a line of English troops near Bannockburn. He has arrived to pay tribute to the English, as it becomes clear that he has submitted to their rule and that he will be a puppet ruler. As he and Craig prepare to meet the English commander, Robert rallies his countrymen to once again fight for the freedom of their country. Cheering Wallace's name, and being led by Robert the Bruce in the forefront. The Scots charge the English lines. The movie end with Mel Gibson narrating that the outnumbered Scots defeated the English that day and won their freedom.
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 07/27/2007
Susan wrote:
刚看了号称九天女王的Lady Jane Grey 的故事。她绝顶聪明,但自幼被母亲当政治
工具利用,试图让她取代血腥玛利做英国女王,在位九天即被推翻。被砍头时年仅
16岁。
这回在伦敦National Gallery看到了这幅图,看着熟悉。
她是Protestant? - posted on 07/27/2007
Darn, xw went to Europe again! How come you guys have all the fun? :-)
Yes Lady Jane Grey is Protestant. Bloody Mary, her Catholic aunt, was very reluctant to execute her, knowing she is a mere victim of the political power struggle. But her father kept rebelling in her name, so eventually she had to go.
I actually first saw the painting in the National Gallery too. I didn’t know much about the British monarchy at the time so I missed a lot of fun. Now many dots have been connected and I want to go back to visit UK again.
xw wrote:
这回在伦敦National Gallery看到了这幅图,看着熟悉。
她是Protestant? - posted on 08/05/2007
Susan wrote:
Darn, xw went to Europe again! How come you guys have all the fun? :-)
hardly, you know, I travel with family & kids, a long preparation.
I actually first saw the painting in the National Gallery too. I didn’t know much about the British monarchy at the time so I missed a lot of fun. Now many dots have been connected and I want to go back to visit UK again.
share the same feeling with you.
现在看唐尼采蒂的都铎三部曲。从伦敦回来就找,读了席勒,那是多
么了不起的史笔大作!!!再找歌剧,NYPBL找来找去,也只找到当
年看的版本,再看,对每个音符都沉醉不已。
唐把席勒的Mortimer略掉了,或者说简并给了Eal of Leicester。
Talbot还是Talbot。。。死的尊严!真是一部完美的悲剧。
还借了另两部,挤出时间看完整一部不容易,但怎能不看?many dots
have been connected,真是全新的感受:(
- Re: 英格兰君主表posted on 08/07/2007
One of the greatest pleasures in life is to connect these dots and see where they lead us to. :-)
What about this Schiller’s Mortimer?
- posted on 06/02/2008
I seriously under-estimated the wife of Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein. Princess Sophie doesn't just "have a lineage to the House of Stuwart", she is the heiress. So if for some bizarre reason the House of Stuwart is restored, she would be the Queen of England.
Susan wrote:
The wife of Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein (and therefore their children) has a lineage to the House of Stuwart (the one that Williams and Mary belonged to and helped to end). - posted on 06/03/2008
Susan wrote:
One of the greatest pleasures in life is to connect these dots and see where they lead us to. :-)
What about this Schiller’s Mortimer?
not sure what exactly the question means.
Mortimer is a small role, quite Cavalier.
Mortimer to Mary in jail:
MORTIMER: Assassination shall not touch your life
By either public means or secret ones.
Have no fear! Everything has been prepared.
Twelve noble young men of this country are
In league with me; this very morning they
Took their oath on the sacrament to set
You free by force and take you from this castle.
Count Aubespine, the French ambassador,
Knows of the plan and lends us help himself;
We have our place of meeting in his palace.
Please paste HTML code and press Enter.
(c) 2010 Maya Chilam Foundation